Male Reproductive System: Part 2

Exam #3: disease and disorder terms, surgical terms

erectile dysfunction (ED)

the inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse

(formerly called impotence)

Tx: meds to increase blood flow (1st line), injectable drugs + vacuum devices (2nd), prosthesis

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac around the testicle; causes scrotal swelling

infertility

reduced or absent ability to achieve pregnancy; generally defined after 1 yr of frequent, unprotected sex (M/F)

phimosis

tightness of the prepuce (foreskin of the penis) that prevents its retraction over the glans penis; may be congenital or a result of balanitis

Tx: circumcision

priapism

persistent abn erection of the penis accompanied by pain and tenderness

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older

most common diagnosed cancer in Men, 2nd most common cause of cancer death for Men (95% are adenocarcinomas, arising from epithelial cells)

spermatocele

distention of the epididymis containing an abn cyst-like collection of fluid and sperm cells; may cause scrotal swelling

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 - 35 yrs of age

testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord causing decr. blood flow to the testis;

(occurs most often during puberty and often presents w. a sudden onset of severe testicular or scrotal pain. Because of lack of blood flow, it is considered a surgical emergency)

varicocele

enlarged veins of the spermatic cord; may cause scrotal swelling

balanoplasty

surgical repair of the glans penis

epididymectomy

excision of the epididymis

orchiectomy (aka orchidectomy)

excision of the testis

(bilateral orchiectomy = castration)

orchiopexy (aka orchidopexy)

surgical fixation of the testicle (performed to bring undescended testicle(s) into the scrotum)

orchioplasty

surgical repair of the testis

orchiotomy (aka orchidotomy)

incision into the testis

prostatectomy

excision of the prostate gland

prostatocystotomy

incision into the prostate gland and the (urinary) bladder

prostatolithotomy

incision into the prostate gland to remove stone(s)

prostatovesiculectomy

excision of the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles

vasectomy

excision of a duct (partial excision of vas deferens bilaterally, resulting in male sterilization)

vasovasostomy

creation of artificial openings btw ducts

(the severed ends of the vas deferens are reconnected in an attempt to restore fertility in men who have had a vasectomy)

vesiculectomy

excision of the seminal vesicle(s)

Simple prostatectomy

the inside portion of the prostate gland is excised through an abdominal incision made above the pubic bone and through an incision in the bladder and prostate capsule

• surgeon uses a finger to remove the hyperplasticity tissue

used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) when prostate is very large and meds haven’t worked

aka open prostatectomy

Simple terms: procedure to remove the inside part of the prostate gland to treat an enlarged prostate

Radical prostatectomy

the prostate gland w. capsule, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and pelvic lymph nodes are excised. Laparoscopic or robotic-assisted.

Used to treat prostate cancer

ablation

destruction of abnormal or excessive tissue by melting, vaporizing, or eroding

circumcision

surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin); all or part of the foreskin may be removed

enucleation

excision of a whole organ or mass w/o cutting into it

hydrocelectomy

surgical removal of a fluid-filled sac around the testicle causing scrotal swelling (hydrocele)

laser surgery

use of a focused beam of light to excise or vaporize abnormal tissue and to control bleeding; uses variety of non-invasive and minimally invasive procedures

commonly used to treat BPH

morcellation

cutting or grinding solid tissue into smaller pieces for removal

robotic surgery

use of small surgical instruments attached to a computer and operated by the surgeon from a console several ft from the operating table

sterilization

surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy, either the ability of the F to conceive or of the M to induce conception

transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP)

surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck and the prostate gland. No prostate tissue is removed

TURP used when the prostate gland is less enlarged

transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using heat generated by microwave

transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)

surgical removal of pieces of the prostate gland tissue by using an instrument inserted through the urethra. The capsule is left intact; usually performed when the enlarged prostate gland interferes with urination

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate gland (PVP)

uses a laser system operated through a cystoscope inserted through the urethra to the prostate gland. Overgrown prostate tissue is vaporized using heat generated by the laser.

MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy

combination of magnetic resonance imaging w. transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to obtain a tissue from a prostate lesion. Software merges an existing MR image w. live ultrasound images

multi parametric MRI

magnetic resonance imaging procedure providing information of anatomical structure and physiology for the staging of prostate cancer

transrectal ultrasound

ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer. Sound waves are sent and received by a transducer probe that is placed into the rectum

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood

(elevated test results may indicated the presence of prostate cancer, urinary or prostatic infection)

semen analysis

microscopic observation of ejaculated semen, revealing the size, structure, and movement of sperm; used to evaluate male infertility and to determine the effectiveness of a vasectomy

(aka sperm count/ sperm test)

total testosterone

blood test to measure the level of testosterone; used to detect multiple conditions in M/F including infertility

digital rectal examination (DRE)

physical examination in which the healthcare provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum and palpates the prostate through the rectal wall to determine the size, shape, and consistency of the gland

(used to screen for BPH and prostate cancer)

aspermia

condition of w/o sperm (characterized by absence of semen or ejaculation)

may indicate the lack of production of spermatozoa, the lack of production of semen, or the lack of ejaculation of semen

oligospermia

condition of scanty sperm

(may contribute to infertility)

orchialgia

pain in the testis (aka testalgia)

chlamydia

sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by C. trachomatis (bact.)

sometimes referred to as a silent STI — because many people are not aware they have the disease

Sx: painful urination and discharge from penis, itching, vaginal discharge, bleeding btw menstrual periods in women

genital herpes

STI caused by herpes simplex virus type 2

gonorrhea

STI caused by a bact. organism that inflames the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

STI caused by a retrovirus that infects T-helper cells of the immune system; may also be acquired in utero or transmitted through infected blood via needle sharing

advanced infection progresses to AIDS

human papillomavirus (HPV)

STI caused by viral infection; more than 40 types of ___ that cause benign or cancerous growths in M/F genitals (aka genital warts)

cause of most cervical cancers

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

infection spread through sexual contact; affect both M/F, causing damage to repro organs and potentially serious health consequences if left untreated (aka STD)

syphilis

infection caused by bact. Treponema pallidum. Rapidly spreads through the body, and if untreated becomes systemic and can progress through 3 stages separated by latent periods

Usually sexually transmitted, but may be acquired in utero and by direct contact w. infected skin

trichomoniasis

STI caused by a one-cell organism Trichomonas — infects genitourinary tract

Men may be asymptomatic or may develop urethritis, an enlarged prostate gland, or epididymitis

Women may have vaginal itching, dysuria, and vaginal or urethral discharge

artificial insemination

introduction of washed and concentrated sperm into the F reproductive tract; used as a tx for infertility

condom

cover for the penis worn to prevent conception and the spread of STIs

spermicide

an agent that destroys spermatozoa; used to prevent conception

azoospermia

lack of live sperm in the semen (characterized by absence of semen or ejaculation)

• obstructive — caused by blocked vessels or ducts

• nonobstructive — caused by infection, lack of production of sperm, or retrograde ejaculation (sperm travels into bladder rather than out through urethra)

ejaculation

ejection of semen from the male urethra

orgasm

climax of sexual stimulation

puberty

period when 2ndary sex characteristics (ex: pubic and arm hair, voice depends, etc) develop and the ability to reproduce sexually begins