Diversity pt 2

Fungi key characteristics

mostly multicellular

All heterotrophic

Sessile

Produce asexually and sexually

What is the 1 exception to fungi being multicellular

It includes single-celled yeasts

How are fungi classified

By what they eat

Saprobes

Fungi which feed on decaying matter

Parasites

Fungi which feed on living plants and animals

Symbionts

Feed on carbs from algae in a mutualistic relationship

Main types of mold \* fact check

Green mold - penicillin

Red mold

Mildew - white/grey - grows on a surface

Black mold - grows behind surfaces

Importance of fungi

1. Decomposers - major recyclers of nutrients in ecosystems
2. Food and medicine
3. Symbiosis - lichens have a symbiotic relationship with algae

How fungi is important to food and medicine

* production of breads, cheeses, alcoholic beverages
* Aspergillus - ferments sugar to citric acid
* Mushrooms, morels, truffles are a common food choice
* Green mold penicillium produces a chemical that inhibits bacterial cell wall growth (antibiotic)

Symbiotic relationship between lichens and algae

Algae depend on CO2 and water from fungi, fungi depend on carbs from algae

Component of fungi cell walls

Chitin

major characteristics of plantae

1. Eukaryotic
2. Have cell walls which contain cellulose
3. Carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll

Vascular plants

Plants with vessels for transport (Eg rots)

Non-vascular plants

Plants without vessels for transport Eg mosses

2 types of vascular plants

Seedless (ferns) and with seeds

2 types of plants with seeds

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Plants with “naked seeds”

Seed plants

Eg cornifers

Angiosperms

Plants with “enclosed seeds”

Flowering plants

Eg tomatoes

T/F - all seedless plants are non-vascular

F - some vascular plants do not have seeds like ferns

ancestor of terrestrial plants

Aquatic plants like blue/green algae

Adaptations of terrestrial plants \* fact check

1. Formation of an embryo
2. Ability to stand upright to gather sunlight
3. Vascular tissues to transport water, nutrients, waste (vascular plants only)
4. Strategies to reduce water loss (Eg cactus thorns)
5. Strategies to disperse reproductive structures without water (Eg maple keys)

key characteristics of animalia

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Eukaryotic

How animals are classified

1. No of body layers
2. Body cavity (Coelum)
3. Symmetry

Major division of animalia

Vertebrates and invertebrates

How many phyla of animalia are there

36 (we study 9)

Invertebrates

Lack notochord

Sessile or motile

Vertebrates

Have a notochord (sometimes only in embryo)

Major phyla of animalia

1. Porifera
2. Cnidaria
3. Platyhelminthes
4. Nematoda
5. Annélidia
6. Mollusks
7. Arthropoda
8. Echinodermata
9. Chordata

Types of body layers

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Outer skin (skin, hair, feathers)

Mesoderm

Middle skin (organs)

Endoderm

Inner skin (gut lining)

Coelum

Body cavity between body wall and gut

Purpose to contain and protect organs

Peritoneum

Which works have coelums

Earthworm ✅

Flatworm ❌

Roundworm - pseudocoeulum

Types of symmetry

Radial

Bilateral

Radial symmetry

Repeated shape around central axis

Allows for slow locomotion

Bilateral symmetry

Mirror image of half of shape

True head region for Forward locomotion

Poriferans key characteristics

* lack organs and nervous system
* Sessile
* Aquatic
* Reproduce asexually
* Irregular shape
* No mouth or digestive cavity

⭐ can regenerate lost parts

How poriferans feed

Filter feed - water enters body wall through ‘pores’

Example of poriferan

Sponge

Cnidarian key characteristic

* all aquatic
* Reproduce sexually or asexually
* Stinging nematocysts
* Radial symmetry

Basic body forms of cnidarians

1. Medusa - umbrella shaped and free swimming (jellyfish)
2. Polyp - cylindrical, some sedentary, other glide using tentacles as legs (sea anemone , brain coral)

Types of worms

Platyhelminthes - flatworms

Nematodes - roundworms

Annelids - segmented worms

Platyhelminthes

Primitive worm

* no Coelum
* Bilateral symmetry
* Have mesoderm, eyespot, true organs, primitive brain, nerve chord
* Mouth, but no anus
* Body flattened dorsoventrally

E.g. planarian tapeworm

Nematodes

Have a pseudocoelum

* nervous system
* Complete digestive tract
* Smooth, not segmented
* Cylindrical
* Tapered at either end
* All habitats

E.g. parasitic hookworm

Annelids

Most advanced invertebrate - true Coelum

* have organ systems (circulatory, digestive, reproductive, excretory)
* Hermaphrodites
* Mouth and anus
* Terrestrial and aquatic

E.g. earthworms and leeches

Molluska key characteristics

* soft bodied with Coelum
* Full digestive tracts
* Soft bodied
* All begin as larvae
* May have hard external shell (or internal in a slug)
* Have mantle and radula
* Muscular foot

Mantle

Organ in a mollusk which secretes a shell

Radula

Rasping tongue-like organ with teeth found in mollusks

Types of mollusks

Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

Gastropods

‘Stomach footed’ mollusks

Hard coiled shell

Flat foot for locomotion

E.g. snails, slugs, conches

Bivalves

Mollusks with a 2 part shell/valve

No head region

Mostly filter feed through gills

Cephalopods

‘Head footed’ mollusks

* bilateral symmetry
* Move by jet propulsion

E.g. squids and octopi

Difference between squids and octopi

Squids - 10 arms

Octopi - 8 arms

Echinoderms

Spiny invertebrates

* all marine
* Have pentamerous radial symmetry
* Lack respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems

E.g. sand dollars, sea stars, sea urchins

Arthropods key characteristics

* fused segments
* Covered by protective exoskeleton
* Most moult seasonally
* May regenerate lost appendages
* Jointed appendages
* Exoskeleton
* All habitats And modes of life

E.g. insects, centipedes, spiders, scorpions, lobster, ticks

Largest animal phylum

Arthropods - 90% of all known animal species

Segments of arthropods

Head, thorax, abdomen

Chordata

Most complex and advanced living organisms

Have a notochord

Notochord

Dorsal rod of cartilage to support the organism and protect the spinal chord

3 types of chordates

Cephalochordata

Unochordata

Vertebra

Cephalochordata

Scaleless, fish-like, filter-feeding, marine

Have notochord, no vertebral column

E.g. lancelet

Unochordata

Sessile marine chordates that settle to the oceans bottom and attach to substrate via a sucker

No vertebral column

E.g. tunicates

Vertebrata

* large brain surrounded by skull
* Endo skeleton with bony vertebral column
* Complex heart, advanced nervous and circulatory systems
* 1 or 2 pairs of appendages
* Large Coelum

Endotherms

Warm blooded vertebrates e.g. birds and mammals

Ectotherms

Cold-blooded vertebrates

E.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles

Smallest animal phyla

Chordates (

3 classes of fish

1. Jawless (Agnatha)
2. Cartilaginous (chondrichthyes)
3. Bony (osteichthyes)

Fish key characteristics

Evolved paired appendages which gave rise to bony limbs

Agile swimmers

Gills for gas exchange

External fertilization

Cold blooded

fish are the ancestors of _____

Early amphibians and all land vertebrates

Agnatha

Jawless fish

Soft eel-like bodies

Slimy skin

No paired fins

E.g. hagfish

Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish

* skeleton made of cartilage
* Biting jaws and paired fins

E.g. shark

Osteichthyes

Bony fish

* most numerous vertebrate
* Gills protected by an operculum
* Swim bladder to maintain buoyancy

E.g. trout, salmon, perch

Operculum

Plate to cover and protect gills in bony fish

Amphibians

‘Fish’ that specialized for land living

* limb-like fins for crawling
* Primitive lungs for breathing air
* Cold blooded
* External fertilization
* Smooth, moist skin

Amphibians 2 lives

1. Eggs laid in freshwater
2. Adult resides on land

Amphibians cannot complete their lifecycle without freshwater

Reptiles

First fully terrestrial vertebrates to complete their life cycle out of the water

Dry, waterproof skin

Stronger limbs

More efficient lungs

First to produce Amniotic egg

Cold blooded

Internal fertilization

Why do reptiles have waterproof skin

To keep water in so they don’t dry out

Example of reptile

Lizard, snake, crocodile, aligator

Aves characteristics

Evolved characteristics for flight such as:

* feathers
* Hollow quills and bones
* Very efficient lungs
* Efficient heart
* Good vision
* Rapid digestion
* Warm blooded
* Internal fertilization

T/F animal cells often contain multiple nuclei

F, fungi cells do!

Rhizoids

Rootlike structures at the base of mushrooms and molds

Stalk

Stem of a mushroom

Cap

Top of the mushroom

Gills

Underside of mushroom caps, produce spores

Major groups of arthropods

1. Centipedes
2. Millipedes
3. Crustaceans
4. Arachnids
5. Insects

Centipedes

Arthropods with:

Flat, segmented bodies

Each segment has 1 pair of legs

Millipedes

Arthropods with:

Round bodies with segments

Each body segment (except the first 4) have 2 pairs of legs

Crustaceans

Arthropods with:

2 main body parts

2 pairs of antennae

Large claws

4 pairs of legs

Mostly live in water

Arachnids

Arthropods with:

2 body sections and 4 pairs of legs

Insects

Arthropods with:

3 pairs of legs

3 body sections

Some have wings

How plants and animal pollinators are impacted by climate change

Due to weird weather patterns, some plants are flowering early or late. This causes the pollinator to miss their matched timing and the plants to not be pollinated

How climate change impacts aquatic ecosystems

Warmer summer water decreases the appetite of fish and causes a decline in their growth rate

How climate change impacts food sources

Caribou and reindeer populations have decreased drastically due to warmer summers halting lichen growth, which is the caribou’s primary winter food source

How habitats are impacted by climate change

Higher temperatures are destroying habitats, leading to isolated plant populations and a lack of genetic deiversity

How reproduction is impacted by climate change

Eggs of several species produce females when temperatures are warm, and males when temperatures are cooler. Warmer temperatures are causing an abundance of females

Endoskeleton

Internal skeleton which protects the inside organs and give support to the body

Mammal key characteristics

Chordates which have:

* lungs
* Warm blooded
* Body covered with fur or hair
* Young develop entirely inside the mothers body
* Produce milk to nurse their young

How are mammals grouped?

The way their young develop