Breeds of Dairy Cattle

What is the typical number of offspring per pregnancy for dairy cattle?

1 offspring per pregnancy, with twins being not ideal due to calving difficulties.

What is the gestation period for dairy cattle?

Roughly 9 months.

How are female heifers managed after birth?

They are moved to individual housing and do not stay with the mother as long as beef calves.

What is the fate of bull calves after birth?

They are usually moved to individual or group housing and sold immediately for the veal industry or feeder/finishing beef production.

Why is it important for all calves to receive colostrum ASAP?

Colostrum is crucial for the health and immunity of the calves.

What dietary requirements are necessary for veal production?

Calves need colostrum, a diet that includes milk replacer, grain, and water.

At what age are veal calves typically marketed?

Around 6 months.

How are youngstock managed in dairy operations?

Calves are generally managed separately from the rest of the herd, often in individual housing to limit pathogen transmission.

What is the main diet of young calves before weaning?

Milk or milk replacer.

When are calves typically weaned from milk?

Around 2-3 months.

What is TMR and why is it important for young heifers?

Total Mixed Ration (TMR) helps maintain rumen health.

At what age are heifers typically bred?

At 12-15 months, when they reach appropriate size.

What is the average gestation period for heifers and cows?

285 days.

What is the purpose of the pre-fresh animal grouping?

To change nutrition and observe animal health before calving.

How long is the milk withhold period after calving?

Usually 5-7 days.

How often are lactating cows typically milked?

2-4 times a day.

What is the standard length of lactation for dairy cows?

Approximately 305 days.

What is the goal for the dry period before the next freshening?

To have a 60-day dry period.

Name one of the six recognized common dairy breeds in the US.

Holsteins, Jerseys, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Milking Shorthorn.

What is unique about Holsteins?

They have the largest percentage of commercial dairy production and the highest milk yield per lactation.

What are the characteristics of Jersey cows?

They have high protein and fat content in their milk, a smaller frame, and adaptability to warmer climates.

What distinguishes Brown Swiss cows?

They are known for their strong body composition, large frame size, and quiet temperament.

What is the significance of Guernsey milk?

It has a golden color due to elevated beta carotene content.

What is a notable feature of Ayrshire cows?

They are known for their efficiency of milk production and have a medium frame.

What is the reputation of Milking Shorthorn cows?

They are known for being good milkers and are very docile.

Name one of the other dairy breeds mentioned in the notes.

Montbeliarde, Swedish-red, Normande, Norwegian red, Simmental, Canadienne, or Kerry.