A&P Final Exam

hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell.

Steroid

hormones must bind to receptors on the target cell. They cannot pass through the cell membrane.

Non-steroid

How are paracrine substances different from hormones?

Paracrine substances act only on things nearby, while the hormones travel down the bloodstream to act.

Steroid hormones are ? soluble and nonsteroid hormones are ? soluble.

lipid; water

When there is more hormone the cells will _________ the number of receptors. This is called ____________.

decrease; down regulation

Most hormones are controlled by ? feedback.

positive

The ___________ pituitary releases 6 hormones that act on other glands.

Anterior

The ___________ pituitary secretes 2 hormones.

Posterior

What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Name the hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and give their function.

Oxytocin- aids in labor by contracting the uterus and causes breast milk to flow

ADH- controls the water balance in the blood

How is the thymus different in children and adults and why?

The thymus in a child is larger because they are more susceptible to disease

What are the stages of GAS?

Alarm (Short fight/flight)

Resistance (Last longer)

Exhaustion (Only happens if stuck in resistance phase for too long)

When women undergo menopause their ovaries stop producing estrogen. What other gland produces a small amount of estrogen?

Adrenal Gland

A hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of __________ in the blood.

Erythrocytes

What main protein is found in red blood cells? There are millions of these within each red blood cell.

Hemoglobin

Hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBCs

Erythropoietin

When hemoglobin is broken down ____________ can be stored and reused

Iron

About how many days do RBCs remain in the blood before they are broken down?

120

Folic acid and B12 are needed for the production of __________

Erythrocytes

What are two important processes that help get WBCs to the site of infection?

Chemotaxis and Diapedesis

Elevated leukocytes

leukocytosis

Thrombopoietin produces

Platelets

Hemostasis is the function of

Platelets

List at least 2 other things besides plasma proteins that are found in the plasma (there are more than 2)

Nutrients and water

What are the 3 steps to hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

A ___________ is a clot or a fragment of a clot that breaks off and travels through the bloodstream.

embolism

What causes blood to clot abnormally?

Atherosclerosis

What characteristic of normal blood vessels prevent blood from clotting abnormally?

The smoothness of the vessel wall

Rh factor in blood is extremely important during pregnancy. If the mom is Rh __________ she can risk developing antibodies against the child's blood during the first pregnancy.

negative

I have type B blood. Who can I receive blood from? (you may choose more than one answer)

Type B and O

____________ is a universal donor.

Type O

____________ is a universal acceptor.

Type AB

Exchange of material between the blood and tissues occurs at the:

Capillaries

When the blood vessels expand, it is called

Vasodilation

After blood leaves the left ventricle, what is the next major vessel or chamber it enters.

Aorta

What part of the brain regulates the heart?

Medulla oblangata

When the ventricle contracts, the

Atria relax

The left and right sides of the heart are divided by the

Septum

The membrane is like a sack that surrounds the heart.

Pericardium

Vessels that supply blood to the heart itself are called:

Coronary arteries

The blood pressure in the arteries is greatest during:

Ventricular systole

The layer of the heart that makes up the inner lining (within the chambers) is the:

Endocardium

The right atrium receives blood through the:

superior and inferior vena cavae.

These structures hold the heart valves in place (like tent lines or strings):

Chordae tendineae

Which of the following helps to move blood back to the heart through the veins?

Skeletal muscle contractions and sphincters (valves)

During ventricular systole, the aortic valve:

opens

The smallest arteries that are connected to capillaries are

Arterioles

The pericardium that surrounds the heart has two layers. Which is the inner layer?

Visceral

A heart murmur can be caused by

A valve doesn’t close

The common iliac artery branches into a Y. What two vessels make up that Y that it divides into? How is this different on a human vs the cat?

The external and internal iliac. The cat doesn't have common iliac arteries the the external and internal iliac branch form the aorta.

Pulmonary circulation refers to the flow of blood:

Between the lungs and the heart

The layer of the heart composed of mostly cardiac muscle is called the:

Myocardium

What is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary artery

Veins ____________ in the event that there is an injury to an artery and blood pressure is dropping.

constrict

Give at least two differences in arteries and veins.

Arteries: Thicker, no valves

Veins, thinner, has valves

The SA node is also known as the ? and the ? nerve keeps the heart rate from being too high at rest.

pacemaker and the vagus

What are 4 ways that materials move in/out of the capillaries?

Diffusion, filtration, osmosis, transcytosis

Walls of arteries/veins are in layers called _______

tunics

Place the steps to the cardiac conduction system in order.

Sa Node, Junction Fibers, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers

A septum that bends to one side is called:

Deviated

The space located at the back of the mouth between the nasal cavity and the larynx is the

pharynx

The lowering of the diaphragm causes what to happen?

air to move into lungs

The cardiac notch found on the lungs serves as a place for the

heart

This is a triangular slit that opens and closes during breathing and talking

glottis

The hyaline cartilage of the trachea functions to

prevent the airway from collapsing

Lungs are located within the ________ cavity

pleural

If you were a molecule of oxygen and you were inhaled by a person, you would travel from the ________ to the ____________

Trachea, bronchi

The first breath of a newborn is the most difficult because:

the alveoli are partially inflated due to lack of surfactant

The site of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system is the:

alveoli

What tool would be used to measure lung capacity?

Spirometer

After a serious fall on a bike, a person complains of shortness of breath and a sharp pain in his side. What has probably happened?

The pleural cavity was punctured by a rib, loss in pressure occurs in the cavity

Explain why a person must breath into a paper sack when hyperventilating?

They must breathe into a paper sac to take back in the CO2 they are releasing to increase their CO2 concentration and make the blood more acidic

What area of the brain is considered the respiratory center?

Medulla oblangata

Why can a breathalyzer detect alcohol?

Because alcohol can diffuse through the respiratory membrane

What are the main things that affect breathing? Blood responds to these.

PCO2, H+

Central chemoreceptors found in the ___________ monitor the pH of blood.

medulla oblongata

_____________chemo receptors detect changes in blood pH due to lactic acid build up during strenuous exercise.

peripheral

Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to the same site on hemoglobin.

False

Most CO2 is stored in bicarbonate ions.

True

_________ binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin

O2

When there are more H+ in the blood a person's breathing rate should _________

increase

Why is surfactant necessary in the alveoli?

To prevent the lungs from collapsing

CO (carbon monoxide) will compete for the heme molecule.

True

Inflation of the lungs depends on what?

Atmospheric pressure and expansion of the chest cavity

The primary function of the respiratory system is to:

Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration occurs where in the body?

Mitochondria

Peristalsis causes what to happen?

Food to move through the alimentary canal

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual refer to

Salivary glands

Which salivary gland produces salivary amylase

Parotid

The __________________ nervous system will suppress digestion.

sympathetic

The function of the digestive system is:

Absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods

The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm at an opening called the

esophageal hiatus

This valve prevents gastric juices from flowing back out of the stomach and into the esophagus:

cardiac sphincter

The part of the stomach that lies slightly above the esophagus is the:

fundus

Place the layers of the alimentary canal in order starting with the innermost layer.

mucosa, submucosa, musclaris externa, serosa

This membrane holds the coils of the small intestine together?

mesentery

The main function of the large intestine is to:

reabsorb water

Intestinal villi serve what purpose?

increase surface area for absorption

The folds of the stomach are called

rugae

The tiny membrane that connects the tongue with the floor of the mouth:

frenulum