Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1 year)

Infants learn to trust caregivers for their needs ; a lack of trust can lead to fear and suspicion.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood: 1-3 years)

Toddlers develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence ; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool Age: 3-6 years)

Children assert control and power over their environment through directing play and social interactions ; if criticized, they may develop guilt.

Industry vs Inferiority (School Age: 6-12 years)

Children develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their abilities and skills ; failure leads to feelings of inferiority.

Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12-18 years)

Teens explore different identities and roles ; failure to find a sense of self can result in confusion about their place in the world.

Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18-40 years)

Young adults seek deep relationships and connections ; failure to establish these can lead to feelings of isolation.

Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40-65 years)

Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often through parenting or contributing to society ; failure results in a sense of stagnation.

Integrity vs Despair (Late Adulthood: 65 years and older)

Older adults reflect on their lives and feel a sense of fulfillment or regret ; success leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in despair.