Solar System and the Moon Test - Science 8

How do stars start off as?

Stars start off as nebulas!

Nebulas

A cloud of gas and dust, (mostly consists of hydrogen with other trace elements). Nebulas have so much mass, it has gravity.

A Nebula Over Time

• size→smaller

• density→increase

• pressure→increase

• temperature→increase

Dynamic Equilibrium

When GRAVITY is EQUAL to pressure, the star will be in DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

Nuclear Fusion

happens in the core of a star, where the temperature and pressure are super high!

• produces new elements and light

ex. Lithium(3) and Carbon(6) fuses together to make Florine

When does a nebula become a star?

• A nebula becomes a star when dynamic equilibrium occurs and goes through nuclear fusion

THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR

1. Stars began as a nebula

2. goes into a main sequence star and it stays in this stage most of it’s life

3. it either produces into a red giant or produces into a super giant

4. - supergiant path: becomes a supernova

- red giant path: becomes a white dwarf

5. From being a supernova it either explodes and goes back to being a nebula/ or the largest stars become a black hole, the most dense in the universe/ or the largest stars become a neutron star, very dense

Solar System Formation

Step #1: There is a Nebula is left over from a previous supernova, mostly H & He but it also contains more complex elements because we find these elements on earth

Step #2: Closer to the center of the nebula is heavier elements(iron, aluminum, rocks), farther away from the center are light elements(hydrogen, helium, gaseous)

Step #3: Time passes and a solar wind kicks out a thin disk of elements

Step #4: 4 Rock planets and 4 gas planets are formed, 1 STAR AND 8 PLANETS

Terrestrial Planets

• Earth like planets

• Made of rocks (compounds of Fe, O, Al, Si)

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Terrestial Planets Size

small

Terrestrial Planets Mass

low

Terrestrial Planets Density

high

Terrestrial Planets Location

Closer to sun

Asteroid Belt

• Separates GAS from ROCKY planets

Jovian Planets Location

found in the outer part of the solar system

Jovian Planets

• made of hydrogen +helium gas

• Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, Neptune

• very thick atmosphere

Jovian Size

big

Jovian mass

big

Jovian Density

low

Earth Crust

Most important because it’s all we can get to, (the surface layer

• Oxgen *

• Silicon *

• Aluminum

• Iron

• Calcium

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Magnesium

Core

Mostly made of Iron and Nitrogen and a little Magnesium

Earth’s Formation STEP BY STEP

Step #1: Rocks pulled together by gravity

Step #2: Time passes and a sphere forms when it has enough mass. Earth is completely liquid!

Step #3: Earth layers itself through density!

Lithosphere

• Mostly made of Oxygen, Silicon, and Aluminum

• It’s the crust and upper most solid mantle

Liquid Outer Core

The flowing and moving Iron and Nitrogen in the liquid outer core creates the Magnetic Field! This protects us from harmful energy from the Sun.

How was the Moon created?

An object around 50 % of the size of the current actual Earth collided with Earth. The impact took 10% of the collision. Through the dust and debris an outer ring was created around Earth. A moon was created thourgh the orbital

What percent is the moon “always” illuminated by the Sun?

50% unless a Lunar Eclispe

Day into Night, Rise and Set Explanation with the Moon

The Moon and Everything else rise in the east and set in the west! This is caused by Earth’s counterclockwise rotation “spin”

Lunar Revolution

The Moon’s orbit around Earth

-around 27.3 days to complete

Cycle of Phases

A new moon phase to the next new moon phase

-around 29.5 days to complete

The Near Side

• The same side of the Moon that always faces the Earth, closest to the Earth

Why does the near side always face the Earth?

• This happens because 1 Lunar Revolution(orbit) equals 1 Lunar Rotation(spin)→once every 27.3 days

• Called a “TIDAL LOCK”

What degrees is the Moon’s orbit tilted at?

5 degrees with respect to the Ecliptic

the Ecliptic

• Earth’s Orbital Planet

• Infinite flat surface extended in all directions

What does the moon appear to do?

It “appears” change in size, but really it’s just because of the distance, how far or close the Moon is.

How is the Moon’s orbit shaped?

The Moon’s orbit is oval shaped!

“WAXING” Moon

This is when the light is on the right, and the light is increasing

“WANING” Moon

This is when the light is on the left and it’s decreasing

“CRESCENT” Moon

Light looks like a banana

“GIBBOUS” Moon

Darkness looks like a banana

Waxing Crescent

Waning Crescent

Waning Gibbous

Waxing Gibbous

What are the four major phases?

New Moon, 1st quarter, Full Moon and 3rd/last quarter

New Moon

1st Quarter

Full Moon

3rd/ Last Quarter

List the Cycle of Phases in Order

New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, 3rd/Last Quarter, Waning Crescent

Eclipse

to block light

Umbra

a shadow of complete blockage of light, cones inward towards Earth

Penumbra

a shadow of partially blocked light, cones outward towards Earth

SOLAR ECLISPE

“Sun Blocked”

The Moon’s shadow is on the Earth’s surface.

New Moon Phase

Most rare because the Moon’s orbit is tilted at 5 degrees causing it to miss Earth most months. It needs to be perfectly aligned.

LUNAR ECLIPSE

“Moon Blocked”

The Moon’s falls into Earth’s shadow

Full Moon phase

It’s rare because the Moon’s orbit is tilted at 5 degrees respective to the Ecliptic. It needs to be aligned. More common than a solar eclipse because it’s easier for a smaller object to fall into a bigger object’s shadow.