apush test 8 ab ids / simple ids

Freedman's Bureau

Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts

Baptist & Methodist

The two largest African American denominations (church bodies) by the end of Reconstruction

10% Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South

Wade-Davis Bill

The congressional bill of 1864 requiring 50 percent of a state's voters to take an oath of allegiance before rejoining Union; vetoed by Lincoln

Black Codes

The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed harsh restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply

Fourteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office

Military Reconstruction Act

Law of March 1867 that imposed military rule on the South and disenfranchised former thousands of former Confederates

Redeemers

Laudatory term for white southerners who worked to overthrow Reconstruction and establish Home Rule regimes in the southern states

Union League

The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights during Reconstruction

Ex Parte Millligan

Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open

Scalawags

Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments

Carpetbaggers

Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments

Fifteen Amendment

Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist organization that created a reign of terror against blacks until it was largely suppressed by federal troops

Exodusters

Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction

Oliver O. Howard

Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen

Andrew Johnson

Born a poor white southerner, he became the white South's champion against radical Reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln

Author of the moderate 10 percent Reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition

alexander Stephens

Former Confederate vice president whose election to Congress in 1865 infuriated northerners

Charles Sumner

Beaten in the Senate chamber before the Civil War, he became the leader of Senate Republican radicals during Reconstruction

Thaddeus Stevens

Leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states

Hiram Revels

Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan

Secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South

"swing around the circle"

President Andrew Johnson's angry, disastrous political trip attacking Congress in the campaign of 1866

Union League

Leading black political organization during Reconstruction

Benjamin Wade

The president pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become president of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction

William Seward

Secretary of state who arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867

First Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington.

Peninsula Campaign

McClellan's disastrously unsuccessful attempt to end the war quickly by a back-door conquest of Richmond.

Battle of Antietam

Key battle of 1862 that forestalled European intervention to aid the Confederacy and led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

Document that proclaimed a war against slavery and guaranteed a fight to the finish.

Unconditional Surrender

General U.S. Grant's nickname, taken from his military demand to the enemy at Fort Donelson and elsewhere.

Vicksburg

Crucial Confederate fortress on the Mississippi whose fall to Grant in 1863 cut the South in two.

Gettysburg

Pennsylvania battle that ended Lee's last hopes of achieving victory through an invasion of the North.

Fort Pillow

Mississippi site where black soldiers were massacred after their surrender.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South.

The Man Without a Country

Edward Everett Hale's story of treason and banishment, inspired by the wartime banishing of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham.

Union party

The temporary 1864 coalition of Republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election.

Ford's Theater

Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by Booth on April 14, 1865.

Appomattox Court House

Virginia site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865

The Lost Cause

Romantic name given to the Southern fight for independence, indicating nobility despite defeat.

Atlanta

Georgia city captured and burned by Sherman just before the election of 1864.

Bull Run

Site of Union defeat in very early battle of the war

George McClellan

Union general who repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45% of the popular vote in 1864

Robert E. Lee

Gentlemanly top commander of the Confederate army

Antietam

Crucial battle in Maryland that staved off European recognition of the Confederacy

"Stonewall" Jackson

Daring Southern commander killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville

George Pickett

Southern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of the Confederacy"

Ulysses S. Grant

Union commander who first made his mark with victories in the West

Gettysburg

Site where Lee's last major invasion of the North was turned back

Vicksburg

Fortress whose capture split the Confederacy into 2

William T. Sherman

Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia

Clement Vallandigham

Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada

Salmon P. Chase

Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president

The Wilderness

Site of one of Grant's bloody battles with the Confederates near Richmond in 1864

Andrew Johnson

Southern War Democrat who ran as Lincoln's "Union Party" vice-presidential candidate in 1864

John Wilkes Booth

Fanatical actor whose act of violence actually harmed the South

sherman’s march from atlanta to the sea

Campaign through Georgia that stirred southern hatred by waging total war against the southern civilian economy and morale

a man without a country

Edward Everett Hale’s fictional story of treason and banishment, inspired by the actual wartime banishing of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham

english reform bill of 1867

English law under which Britain became a modern democracy, influenced by the Union victory in the Civil War