Module 3: Product and Service Design

market opportunities and threats

The main forces that initiate design and redesign include:

global positioning system

technology that uses satellites to view specific fields and crops

precision farming

combines crop planning with specific calculations for tillage, planting, chemical applications, harvesting and postharvest processing of the crop

genetic engineering

involves inserting a specific gene into the chromosome of an organism in order to develop a desired trait in the recipient organism

cloning

process of creating genetically identical organisms

embryo splitting

type of cloning in which a developing embryo is divided using a type of microscopic surgery

embryo transfer

practice of implanting embryos in surrogate animals

gender selection

ability to control the sex of offspring at the time the parents mate (ex. sperm-sexing procedure, sorting embryos according to sex, modifying gender in fish by ultraviolet ligh

production hormones

substances that are formed in the body organs and dispersed throughout other tissues by body fluids (ex. animal growth hormones, bovine somatotrophin (BST), porcine somatotrophin (PST), fish

growth hormones resulting in transgenic fish, heat synchronization

animal research and human medicine

swine research for human health (ex. swine producing insulin for enzyme replacement use by diabetics, transplantation technology, xenotransplantation (between species), pharmaceutical and other medical products made from animal products such as TPA (a biotech product given to heart attack victims), silkworms producing hepatitis B vaccine, use of leeches which produce hirudin

sodar

a method using “sound detection and ranging” in the early detection of insect pests

basic cone trap

can detect and count the moths of several major pests

Device Measuring Sweetness of Melons

measures the amount of near-infrared light the fruit absorbs

remote-sensing technology

used for securing more accurate information on long-term weather patterns

tissue culture

producing rapidly many new plants from one parent plant through tissues taken from buds, leaves or shoots of a parent plant

LIDAR

used to create topographic maps

biosensor

used to detect pathogens in poultry processing

auction tools

ex. AgriAuctions for cattle, RFID tags, heat-map systems (FARMAX), biofuel

perpetual maps

compare customer perceptions of a company’s products with competitors’ products

benchmarking

comparing a product or process against the best-in-class product

reverse engineering

carefully dismantling competitor’s product to improve your own product

feasibility study

consists of market analysis, economic analysis and strategic analysis

market analysis

assesses whether there’s enough demand for the proposed product to invest in developing it further (e.g. customer surveys, interviews, focus groups, market tests

economic analysis

looks at estimates of production and development costs and compares them to estimated sales volume (e.g. cost/benefit analysis, decision theory, NPV, IRR)

technical/strategic analysis

answers questions such as: Does the new product require new technology? Is the risk or capital investment excessive? Is sufficient capacity available for production? Does the new product provide a competitive advantage for the company?

form design

how the product will look

functional design

how the product will perform

reliability

the probability that a product will perform its intended function for a specified length of time under normal conditions of use

maintainability

also called serviceability, refers to the ease and/or cost with which a product or service is maintained or repaired

production design

how the product will be made

simplification

reduces the number of parts, assemblies, or options in a product

standardization

makes possible the interchangeability of parts among products resulting in higher volume production and purchasing, lower inventory investment, easier purchasing and material handling, fewer quality inspections and fewer production difficulties (e.g. light bulbs, batteries, staplers, USBs, pencils

modular design

combines standardized building blocks, or modules, to create unique finished products(e.g. Campbell’s soup produces 4 basic broths then adds special ingredients to produce 125 varieties of final soup products)

process plans

are workable instructions for manufacture, including necessary equipment and tooling, component sourcing recommendations, job descriptions and procedures for workers and computer programs for automated machines

final design

consists of detailed drawings and specifications for the new product or service

concurrent design

defined as a new approach to design that involves the simultaneous design of products and processes by design teams

design for manufacture and assembly

designing a product from a material that can be recycled or easily repaired rather than discarded

failure and mode effects analysis

• a systematic approach to analyzing causes and effects of product failure

• prioritizes failures and attempts to eliminate their causes

fault tree analysis

• a visual method for analyzing the interrelationships among failures

• lists failures and their causes in a tree format

value analysis

examination of the function of parts and materials to reduce cost and/or improve product performance

design for the environment

involves designing products from recycled material, using materials or components that can be recycled, designing a product so that it is easier to repair than discard, and minimizing unnecessary packaging

quality function deployment

• A structured process that translates the voice of the customer to technical requirements at every stage of design and manufacture.

• Uses a series of matrix diagrams called quality tables that resemble connected house

robust design

yields a product or service designed to withstand variations.

noise

The conditions that cause a product to operate poorly

controllable

this type of noise are those which are design parameters such as material used, dimensions and form of processing

uncontrollable

this type of noise encompasses those under the user’s control such as length of use, maintenance, settings

computer-aided design

a software system that uses computer graphics to assist in the creation, modification and analysis of a design

computer-aided engineering

engineering analysis, when performed at a computer terminal with a CAD system; retrieves the description and geometry of a part from a CAD database and subjects it to testing and analysis on the computer screen without physically building a prototype (ex. new drugs can be tested on computer-generated DNA molecules;determine how much stress will cause a bridge to crack)

computer-aided manufacturing

refers to control of the manufacturing process by computers with the automatic conversion of CAD design data into processing instructions for computer-controlled equipment and the subsequent manufacture of the part as it was designed; it’s the ultimate design- to-manufacture connection

collaborative productive commerce

a software system for collaborative design and development among trading partners; it follows the life cycle of a product

service concept

(the purpose of a service; it defines the target and the desired customer experience)

service package

(the mixture of physical items, sensual benefits and psychological benefits)

performance specifications

(outline expectations and requirements for general and specific customers)

design specifications

(describe the service in sufficient detail for the desired service experience to be replicated for different individuals at numerous locations

delivery specifications

(outline the steps required in the work process, including the work schedule, deliverables and the locations at which the work is to be performed)

service blueprint

a type of process flowchart that emphasizes customer interaction and service-related items such as failure points and lines of visibility

product life cycle management

represents an all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods

extended producer responsibility

a concept that holds companies responsible for their product even after their useful