unit 3 tortuga

What molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP

What process produces ATP in mitochondria?

Respiration

What is the high-energy bond in ATP called?

Phosphate

What is the term for ATP breakdown?

Hydrolysis

What molecule is formed when ATP loses one phosphate?

ADP

What molecule is formed when ATP loses two phosphates?

AMP

What type of reaction releases energy?

Exergonic

What type of reaction requires energy input?

Endergonic

What is the term for energy transfer in cells?

Coupling

What is the universal energy source for cells?

Glucose

What protein speeds up chemical reactions?

Enzyme

What is the region where substrate binds?

Active site

What is the term for enzyme shape change?

Induced fit

What is the term for enzyme helper?

Cofactor

What is the organic enzyme helper?

Coenzyme

What is the term for enzyme inhibition by product?

Feedback inhibition

What type of inhibitor binds to active site?

Competitive inhibitor

What type of inhibitor binds elsewhere?

Noncompetitive inhibitor

What is the term for energy needed to start a reaction?

Activation energy

What is the term for enzyme-substrate complex?

Intermediate

What process breaks down glucose?

Glycolysis

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What molecule enters the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Matrix

What is the main electron carrier in respiration?

NADH

What is the secondary electron carrier?

FADH2

What process produces the most ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What structure houses the electron transport chain?

Cristae

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

What is the waste product of aerobic respiration?

Water

What organelle performs photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What pigment captures light?

Chlorophyll

What is the site of light reactions?

Thylakoid

What is the site of the Calvin cycle?

Stroma

What is the main product of photosynthesis?

Glucose

What gas is consumed in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide

What gas is released in photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What is the energy source for photosynthesis?

Light

What is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

NADPH

What is the enzyme that fixes carbon?

Rubisco

What drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

Proton gradient

What ion moves through ATP synthase?

Proton

What is the term for proton gradient energy?

Potential energy

What enzyme makes ATP?

ATP synthase

What process uses proton gradient to make ATP?

Chemiosmosis

What is the term for electron flow in photosynthesis?

Z-scheme

What is the term for cyclic electron flow?

Cyclic

What is the term for noncyclic electron flow?

Linear

What is the term for splitting water?

Photolysis

What is the term for light energy conversion?

Photophosphorylation

What process occurs without oxygen?

Fermentation

What is the product of yeast fermentation?

Ethanol

What is the product of muscle fermentation?

Lactate

What is the term for oxygen absence?

Anaerobic

What is the term for oxygen presence?

Aerobic

What is the net ATP from glycolysis?

Two

What is the term for energy without oxygen?

Anaerobiosis

What is the term for fermentation pathway?

Alternative pathway

What is the term for carbon release in fermentation?

Decarboxylation

What is the term for NAD+ regeneration?

Reduction

What molecule regulates glycolysis?

ATP

What enzyme controls glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase

What is the term for enzyme regulation by ATP?

Allosteric regulation

What is the term for energy homeostasis?

Metabolism

What is the term for energy storage molecule?

Glycogen

What is the term for fat breakdown?

Lipolysis

What is the term for protein breakdown?

Proteolysis

What is the term for glucose synthesis?

Gluconeogenesis

What is the term for glucose breakdown?

Glycolysis

What is the term for energy release from fats?

Beta-oxidation

What is the term for energy in bonds?

Chemical energy

What is the term for energy in motion?

Kinetic energy

What is the term for energy in position?

Potential energy

What is the term for energy disorder?

Entropy

What is the term for energy conservation law?

First law of thermodynamics

What is the term for energy loss law?

Second law of thermodynamics

What is the term for energy in sunlight?

Radiant energy

What is the term for energy in heat?

Thermal energy

What is the term for energy in food?

Chemical energy

What is the term for energy in ATP?

Chemical energy

What is the term for electron removal?

Oxidation

What is the term for electron gain?

Reduction

What is the term for combined redox reaction?

Coupled reaction

What is the term for electron donor?

Reducing agent

What is the term for electron acceptor?

Oxidizing agent

What is the term for energy carrier in respiration?

NADH

What is the term for energy carrier in photosynthesis?

NADPH

What is the term for ATP formation without oxygen?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What is the term for ATP formation with oxygen?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the term for energy in ecosystems?

Solar energy

What is the term for energy in mitochondria?

Chemical energy

What is the term for energy in chloroplasts?

Light energy

What is the term for energy in ATP bonds?

Chemical energy

What is the term for energy in proton gradient?

Potential energy

What is the term for energy in electron flow?

Electrical energy

What is the term for energy in heat loss?

Thermal energy

What is the term for energy in glucose?

Chemical energy

What is the term for energy in NADH?

Chemical energy

What is the term for light energy in photosynthesis?

Photons