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infectious disease
invasion or infection of a person (host) by microorganisms called pathogens. transmission can be direct or indirect
pathogens
causes disease by either disrupting a vital body process or stimulating the immune system to mount a defensive reaction
pathogen entrance sites
skin
respiratory system
digestive system
reproductive system
transmission of disease
direct transmission
contact between body surfaces
droplet spread (sneezing)
fecal-oral spread
Indirect transmission
via inanimate object (food,towels)
via vectors (living things)
Stages of infection
incubation
pathogen entry -→ signs + symptoms appear
prodromal
presence of signs/symptoms; pathogens continued to multiply
host is contagious; should be isolated
acute
disease reaches greatest development
highest likelihood of transmission
decline
first signs of recovery; signal end of infection
recovery
apparent recovery
susceptible to other pathogens
immune defense
mechanical defense: skin, mucous membrane, nasal hairs
cellular defense: WBC (leukocytes)
bloodborne pathogen
pathogenic microorganisms that can potentially cause disease.
most common- hep b, hep c, HIV (human inmmunodefiency virus)
transmission-
semen
vaginal secretions
cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid
blood
HBV Hepatitis B Virus
viral infection through body fluids.
swelling, soreness, loss of normal liver function
flu like symptoms (can have HBV w/out showing)
vaccinations are available
HCV Hepatitis C Virus
acute and chronic form of liver disease
most common bloodborne infection in US
s&s
80% have no s&s
loss of apetite
jaundice
abdominal pain
nausea
fatigue
muscle joint pain
HIV Human Immunodefiency Virus
is a retrovirus ( a virus that enters host cell and changes its RNA to a proviral DNA replica)
affects large number of cells in immune system leading to decrease ability to prevent disease
S&S
fatigue
weight loss
muscle joint pain
swollen glands
night sweats
fever
no treatment to cure
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection.
vulnerable to
illness
opportunistic infections
cancers
no treatment to cure
Prevention in Athletics of Blood borne Pathogens
remove athlete from game
keep athlete on sideline till bleeding has stopped and cleaned
remove jersey/change uniform
clean playing surface
dispose of contaminated materials
Emergency Action Plan
individualized for each sport/activity/facility (access points for ambulance, address,etc)
First priority:
maintain cardiovascular function (first 10min/golden minutes 1hr/golden hour)
indirectly CNS function
accurate evaluation is key
Piss Poor Planning = Piss Poor Performance
Training sessions should be held annually to practice emergency medical care.
Cooperation/Professionalism is must
EMT has final say. AT has more emergency training than PA
All EAP Must Address
Personnel on Site
Equipment Available
Specific policies/procedures for equipment removal
ensure proper communication to emergency medial system
ensure all gates/padlocks can be opened
ensure everyone knows their roles
have someone accompany injured athlete to hospital
carry all insurance/contact info for athletes at all times
have a plan to manage all possible situations
Primary Survey
assess life threatening conditions
airway obstruction
absence of breathing
absence of circulation
profuse bleeding
shock
massively deformed joints/structures
treatment of life threatening injuries take precedence
first necessary to note body position and level of consciousness
Secondary Survey
performed after life-threatening condition ruled out
assessment/monitor vital signs
pulse
respirations
blood pressure
temperature
skin color
pupils
level of consciousness
movement
abnormal nerve response
Unconscious Athlete
a state of insensibility in which the athlete exhibits a lack of consciousness awareness
injury to neck & cervical spine should always be considered a possibility
must be considered life threatening → call EMS
CAB’s should be established
circulation
airway
breathing
Unconscious Athlete To DO
immediately note head neck or spine injury
immediately expose the airway by removing any protective equipment that could interfere with CPR
was the athlete wearing a helmet
facemask must be removed to completely allow CPR
never remove helmet until head/neck/spine injury is ruled out
upon determining position and level of consciousness, determine appropriate care
once athlete is stabilized → can be secondary survey
emergency CPR
Follow Check-Call-Care
Check- the scene to see if it is safe; identify other to assist
Call- 911 to activate EMS
Care- initiate to patients
Ensure CPR trained individuals on site
Time is critical for the patient needing CPR/AED
each minute that passes without AED survival drops 10%
establishing unresponsiveness
Make sure there is no chance of additional injury and check for any potentially life threatening conditions
Check Responsiveness
ask athlete “are you okay” gentle tapping
avoid shaking or moving due to possible neck injury
if no response call 911
Assess CAB’s
if no response → get AED
Breathing → recovery position
no breathing → administer CPR
Continue to monitor CAB’s
establishing circulation
locate carotid artery & palpate puse
maintaining head tilt position/airway
if available, the AED should be used ASAP
if no AED is available and there are no signs of circulation chest compressions should be given after 2 rescue breaths
place heel of hand, closest to head on sternum
place other hand on top with fingers parallel
keep elbows locked with shoulders directly above patient
maintain rate of 30 compressions: 2 breaths
speed 100/minutes
In children depth at -1.5”
establishing breathing
place ear over victims mouth
observe chest
look, listen, feel for breathing
place your hand on the victims forehead to hold it back, pinch the victim’s nose
take deep breath and create seal around victims mouth
gently give two breaths
if breath does not go in, re-tilt and ventilate
if airway continues to be obstructed, perform 30 chest compressions and look for object
repeat until ventilation occurs
witnessed sudden collaspe
immediately open airway and begin continuous compressions
speed of compressions should be at a rate 100/minute
in children, compressions should occur depth 1-1.5”
do not stop unless scene is unsafe, AED arrives, EMS personnel takes over
AED automatic external defibrillator
device that evaluates rhythm of victims experiencing cardiac arrest. can deliver electrical charge to heart
Obstructed Airway Management
when obstructed individual cannot breath, speak, or cough and may become cyanotic
call 911
determine the consciousness level
the heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts) can be used to clear the airway
Choking- Conscious
state your name and that you can help
5 back blows (between scapula)
5 standing abdominal thrusts technique
heimlich maneuver
how long to continue?
until lose consciousness or piece comes out
Choking- Unconscious
call 911
open airway
2 rescue breaths
perform 30 chest compression
like CPR
check for object
if you see object, perform finger sweep
Supplemental Oxygen
depletion of oxygen to the brain and rest of body can leave the body at risk to sudden cardiac arrest or brain damage
supplemental oxygen can be administered by an athletic trainer who is trained in delivery
requires the use of the bad valve mask and cylinder containing O2
canister is green with a yellow oxygen label
normal breathing= 21% O2
rescue breathing= 16% O2
during oxygen administration= 90%
rate of 10-15 liters minute
Hemorrhage
abnormal discharge of blood
venous- dark red with slow continuous flow
capillary- exudes from tissue and is reddish
arterial- flows in spirt, bright red (most ASAP + dangerous)
control hemorrhage
can usually be managed through pressure points, elevation, direct pressure.
direct pressure with hand over sterile gauze
elevate limb to reduce blood pressure and slow bleeding
place direct pressure over large blood vessels
2 most common sites: femoral, brachial artery
lots of pressure. arteries are deeper. should feel like touching bone
internal hemorrhage
usually not easily identified
blood does not cause pain or irritation
must use diagnostic tools to identify- MRI, CT, X ray
may be life or death situation depending upon location of bleeding'
brain, viscera (within body cavity)
if suspected monitor blood pressure
all severe hemorrhage may result in shock if not treated accordingly
shock
occurs when limited amount of blood is available in the circulatory system
signs:
decreased blood pressure (sys= <90mmHG)
weak rapid pulse
drowsiness/sluggishness
increasing shallow respiration
moist, pale, cold, clammy
irritability or excitement
potentially thirst
hypovolemic shock
decreased blood pressure
respiratory shock
limited oxygen to circulating blood due to trauma to lungs
neurogenic shock
dilation of blood vessels; does not allow typical 6 liters of blood to fill system
cardiogenic shock
inability of heart to pump enough blood
psychogenic shock
temporary dilation of vessels reducing blood flow to brain
septic shock
results of bacterial infection where toxins cause smaller vessels to dilate
anaphylactic shock
results of severe allergic reaction
metabolic shock
occurs when illness goes untreated (diabetes) or when extensive fluid loss occurs
pulse/heart rate
taken at carotid (neck) or radial (wrist) arteries
should assess for >10s
15s x 4
norm= 60-80 bpm
athlete tend to have lower resting HR
pulse should evaluate for
presence vs absence (indicated cardiac arrest)
rate & rhythm/regularity
strength of contraction (volume/amplitude)
grading scale
0= absent, no pulse
+1= not easily felt, thready, weak
+2=difficult to palpate stronger than 1
+3= normal easily felt
+4=strong, bounding
tachycardia= fast HR (>100 bpm)
bradycardia= slow HR (<50 bpm)
respiratory patterns
normal rates: 12-20 min
ID rate, rhythm, o2 saturation levels
pulse ox norm = 90-100
apnea- temporary cessation of breathing
tachypnea- rapid breathing
bradypnea- slow breathing
hyperventiliation-labored breathing
lose too much co2
obstructed- blocked airway caused by either partial or complete obstruction
blood pressure
a lowered bp could indicate
hemorrhage
shock
heart attack
internal organ injury
systolic BP- the pressure caused by heart pumping
diastolic BP- the residual pressure when heart is between beats
mmHg- milimeters of mercury
norm- 120/80
temperature
norm- 98.6 F
determined by thermometer
many methods/locations
oral
rectal
axillary
tympanic
rectal may be most accurate but least used
bc of invasiveness
used in emergency
skin color
red- elevated temperature, heat stroke, high blood pressure
white- insufficient circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion, insulin shock
blue- airway obstruction or respiratory insufficiency
yellow- typically from livers disease
pupils
PEARL
pupils
equal
and
reactive to
light
Unequal/unresponsiveness pupils could indicate an athlete has suffered:
a head injury
heat stroke
hemorrhage
alcohol/drug poisoning
level of consciousness
AVPU Scale
alertness
verbal
responding to voice
painful
responding to painful stimulus
unresponsive
no response to pain
ACDU Scale
Alert
Confused
Drowsy
Unresponsive
musculoskeletal assessment
immediate treatment- PRICE
protect
rest
ice
compression
elevation
splinting and bracing
emergency splinting
vacuum, air, sam splints, half ring traction splint
Steps
splint in position found
immobilize joint above and below joint/fracture
ensure no movement (have access to distal pulse)
transporting the injured athlete
spine board
ambulatory aid and manual conveyance (carrying athlete)
stretcher
best and safest. may be necessary if seated position isn’t comfortable
chair
crutches
NWB- non weight bearing
PWB- partial weight bearing
TDWB- touch-down weight bearing
must be executed with techniques that will not result in additional injury
eitiology
cause of an injury or illness
mechanism
mechanical description of the cause
pathology
structural & functional changes that result from an injury
symptoms
change that indicated injury/illness (subjective to patient)
sign
indicator of a disease
diagnosis
name of specific condition
prognosis
predicted outcome of an injury (functional capacity, not time)
sequela
condition resulting from disease or injury
syndrome
group of symptoms that indicate a disease or condition
H-O-P-S
history, observation, palpation, special tests
history
past injury history
current symptoms
mechanism of injury
pain/profile
injury location
actively listen. patient should be doing the majority of talking
observation
demeanor
movement
asymmetries
deformity
swelling, redness, warmth
appearance
gait
facial expression
posture
palpation
touching with fingers/thumb
abnormalities
swelling
bony palpation
soft-tissue palpation
should not be done until history is taken
always evaluate contralateral limb
palpation may increase/decrease pain and after symptoms experienced
should be performed systematically
light→greater pressure
away from site of injury→ closer to site
must know anatomy to effectively palpate
point tenderness
muscle tonicity
deformity
crepitus
unusual crackling, grating sensation
muscle spasms
swelling/edema/effusion
special tests
movement assessment (ROM)
neurological assessment
reflex, nerve function, cranial nerve
joint stability
postural, anthropometric (body measurements)
functional testing and performance screenings
Range of motion
goniometer
fulcrum= align with axis of joint
stationary arm= align with proximal bone
movement arm= align with distal bone
girth/circumference measurements
measure circumference of extremity to determine:
swelling or atrophy
determine points of measurements around or near joint
compare results bilaterally
neurological: reflexes
utilize reflex hammers to determine neurological status of nerve root.
common sites
biceps tendon
triceps
brachioradialis
patellar
achilles
reflexes= pathological reflex options
diagnostic tests
x ray- used primarily for bone tissues or joint abnormalities
Computed tomography- multiple view x ray. better defined structures
bone scans- radioactive tracer injection followed by scan
dexa scans- bone mineral density
mri scans- electromagnet process that can identify soft tissues with extremely clear images $$$
ultrasound- sound waves produce pictures of structures. can show “live” images
arthoscopy- fiberoptic scope used in surgery
therapeutic modalities
doesnt heal injury. it creates optimal healing environment. hopefully stimulates better healing. decrease pain and swelling
classification-
electromagnetic
acoustic
mechanical
electromagnetic
thermotherapy, crythotherapy, electrical stimulating currents
thermotherapy
-hydrocollator packs
-whirlpool bath
-paraffin bath
physiological effects of heat
increase extensibility of collagen tissues
decrease joint stiffness
reduce pain
relieve muscle spasm
increase blood flow
decrease edema, inflammation after 72 hours
considerations-
temp never above 116 F
exposure less than 30 mins
should not use when- pregnant, passed out before with heat, diabetes, pace maker, open wounds, sensory issues
cryotherapy
-ice packs
-ice massage
-immersion
-vapocoolant sprays
-cryokinetics
physiological effects of cold
causes vasocontriction (reduced blood flow)
does not decrease swelling that is already present
decrease metabolic rate of cells
decrease nerve sensitivity/excitability
decreased muscle guarding
other considerations
cold allergies, sensory issues, superficial nerves (can freeze them)
electrical stimulating currents
pain modulation
muscle contraction
muscle re-education
low-intensity stimulators
Iontophoresis (medicine with stim)
short wave diathermy
-good for larger areas and want depth
low level laser therapy
-not enough data/parameters
acoustic
ultrasound therapy, phonophoresis
ultrasound therapy
ways to use
thermal and non thermal
can treat area = (x2 diameter of ultrasound head)
phonophoresis
ultrasound with medication
cream with anti-inflammatory properties
not great evidence supporting
mechanical
traction
used with cervical/lumbar
intermittent compression
blow up compression
helps with blood and inflammation
nortrek recovery boots
manual therapies/massage
philosophy of rehab
goal= to return to injured activity as soon as SAFELY possible
often a fine line between too soon and safe
coaches are limited to the extent of legal supervision and designing of rehab programs
Progression is #1 in rehab
goals of rehab
provide immediate first aid- limit swelling
ICERS
(PRICE)
reduce/control pain + swelling
using modalities
restore neuromuscular control
must retrain the brain to control and facilitate muscle movement
restore stability
provide dynamic postural control of body through kinetic chain
restore ROM/flexibility
AROM/PROM (active/passive)
improve strength, endurance, power
restore proprioception + coordination
restore/maintain cardiorespiratory endurance
can start deconditioning within 2 weeks
restore function/sport specific skills
gradual progression in functional activities to prepare athlete for return to play
incorporate sport skills into rehab
return to activity
functional progression testing
must meet ALL rehab goals before returning
must work towards full functional movements
design functional test specific to sport/activity
rehab plan w/ goals then → execute
then change/reflect if needed
mechanical injuries
caused typically by external forces (loads) directed on the body that results in internal alteration in anatomical structures that are sufficient magnitude to cause injury
how the various tissues respond to the application of an external load is determined in large part by mechanical properties of the tissue
internal forces can lead to injury
built up swelling, enlargement or organs,rib fracture
trauma
a physical injury or wound sustained in sport or activity
an injury sustained from an internal or external force
load
an external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues
stiffness
ability of a tissue to resist a load
stress
the internal resistance of the tissues to an external load
strain
extent of deformation of the tissue being loaded
tissue properties
body tissues are viscoelastic and contain both viscous and elastic properties
elastic- allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation
viscous- thicker
yield point
point at which elasticity is almost exceeded is the yield point
if deformation persists, following release of load permanent or plastic changes occur
when yield point is far exceeded - mechanical failure occurs resulting in damage
creep
the deformation in the shape and/or properties of a tissue that occurs with the application of a constant load over time
mechanical failure
the ability of the tissue to withstand stress & strain is exceeded
results in damage to the tissue
tissue stresses
compression
tension
shearing
bending
torsion
Acute vs Chronic
acute
caused by trauma
sudden onset = short duration
Ex. bang
chronic
results from overuse from repetitive movements/actions
long onset = long duration
cumulative overload of tissue or cumulative microtrauma to tissue
Traumatic vs Overuse
nature of physical activity dictates that over time injury will occur
Traumatic- a direct blow
Overuse- repetitive dynamic use over time
Musculotendinous injuries
you strain a muscle, sprain a ligament
most muscle injuries occur at
attachment points (musculotendinous junctions)
muscle belly
strain
Grade 1- no tissue deformation but has localized pain
Grade 2- partial or moderate tear. bruising/swelling
Grade 3- complete tear. most likely need surgery
muscle cramps
most likely because dehydration or overuse
muscle guarding
will protect against movement that muscle to associated with
Ex. pain in hip flexor → hurts to flex hip → will stop flexing hip
muscle spasms
clonic- alternating contraction and relaxation (twitch)
tonic- rigid muscle contraction
muscle soreness
acute: onset muscle soreness
delayed: onset muscle soreness (DOMS) lasts 2-3 days, rigor state
get lactate out, move around, light activity