Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It is multi-disciplinary in nature, bringing together biological, geopolitical, socio-cultural, political, and economic factors. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.

(Quarentelly, 1985)

'Disaster is a crisis situation that far exceeds the capabilities".

DISASTER

is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope up using its own resources.

TYPES OF DISASTERS

1. Examples: earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc. 2. Man made disasters Examples: war, bomb blasts, chemical leaks, etc

NATURAL and HUMAN-INDUCED EVENTS

such as typhoon, earthquake, landslide, and fire can cause disasters.

DISASTER RISK

is the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (deaths, injuries, livelihoods, assets, services) resulting from the interactions between natural or humaninduced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

is a proactive approach being adopted where risks are reduced and managed.

Risk

are dependent on vulnerabilities and other factors such as hazards, capacities, and exposure of people to hazards.The risk could be high, medium, or low, depending on physical, environmental, and socio-economic factors.

WORLD RISK REPORT 2019

reported that the PHILIPPINES ranks NINTH for having the highest disaster risk worldwide out of the 180 countries that were assessed. The Philippines experiences disasters almost annually.

October 15, 2013

the province Bohol was hit by an earthquake.

November 8, 2013

the Philippines was struck by Typhoon Yolanda, one of the strongest and deadliest typhoons in history. Our resources that should have been used for development and for the betterment of the people are used instead to compensate for the losses due to disasters.

2020

the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. From an outbreak of a novel disease, it became an epidemic as cases of infection rapidly increased.

VULNERABILITY

It is a condition determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards, (UNISDR, 2007).

Elements at risk

include persons, buildings, crops, and other components exposed to known disaster hazards and which are likely to be adversely affected by the impact of these hazards.

3 TYPES OF VULNERABILITY

1. Physical and Environmental Vulnerability 2. Social Vulnerability 3. Economic Vulnerability

Physical and environmental Vulnerability

It refers to the HUMAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT of buildings and infrastructures, and the NATURAL ENVIRONMENT of agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture.

The factors that determine the magnitude of physical vulnerability are

A. Geographic pattern of the severity of hazards B. Exposure of the elements to hazards C. Geological and environmental characteristics of the community D. Effects of local conditions

Social Vulnerability

It refers to the susceptibility of the population, the social institutions or organizations that ensure the sustenance of families, communities, and society.

The factors affecting social vulnerability are

A. Special categories of vulnerable groups of people such as women and children, people with disability, the elderly, chronically ill persons, indigenous people, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) sector, among others B. Educational attainment C. Knowledge and awareness D. Location and type of housing E. Population density F. Perception of risk G. Values and traditions H. Absence of local institution

Economic Vulnerability

It pertains to the assets and resources of the community that are susceptible to disasters, including the production, distribution, and utilization of goods and services that ensure the well-being of the people.

The factors affecting economic vulnerability are

A. Sources of livelihood B. Community resources C. Household income and savings D. Markets and access to goods and services

CAPACITY

The opposite of vulnerability. It is the combination of a community's strengths, characteristics, and resources that can be utilized to achieve certain goals. There are capacities that can be mobilized to aid recovery from disasters.

Natural Disasters

These originate from the different 'forces' of nature . Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and cyclones affect many countries in Asia particularly the Philippines.

Human-induced

These disaster occur due to people's actions against human, material and environment. These include transport and industrial accidents, such as air and train crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses.

Terrorism

is also categorized as human - made disaster.

Three Effects of disaster

Primary effect, Secondary effect and Tertiary Effect

Primary Effects

effects that arise from the disaster itself.

Secondary Effects

these effects are results of a primary effect that cause disruption to the normal activities of people living in the community. Eventually affect how people live their lives and how they cope up with the impending effects

Tertiary Effects

result of both primary and secondary effects. Can be felt after the disaster happened.

Bohol Earthquake

7.2 magnitude -223 lives and injured 877 people

Typhoon Yolanda

6,201 dead, 1785 missing, and 28, 626 injured

Pacific ring of Fire

The Philippines is one of the most disaster- prone countries in the world. Located along this area, the Philippines is highly susceptible to seismic and volcanic risks.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

include the provision of weather forecasts and tropical cyclone warnings, flood bulletins and advisories, hydrological, climatological and farm weather forecasts.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

responsible for forecasting volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

19-20 typhoons

PAGASA states that the amount of typhoon entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) every year.

1990

Central Luzon Earthquake

1991

Historic Mt. Pinatubo eruption (burned crops, killed 722 people, left more than 200,000 homeless)

2008

Iloilo Typhoon Frank

2011

Cagayan de Oro and Iligan City Typhoon Sendong

2011

Negros Oriental Earthquake

POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY

Poor usually have lesser access to better homes, public facilities, and livelihood opportunities, which makes them vulnerable to disasters.

[DISASTER AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON] (Dynes, 1992:15)

"Natural events have social consequences only as a result of the actions of human beings and societies"

Harmful practices worsen vulnerability to disasters

Deforestation, quarrying, mining operations, and other practices that lead to environmental degradation.

Population growth and shortage of land

further pushed low-income families to worse living conditions, which make them more vulnerable to disasters. They usually live in marginal lands such as ravines, steep slopes, or even riverbeds and banks.

most vulnerable groups

The poor, elderly , people with disabilities, or special needs, indigenous people, women, children, and communities marginalized by the exploitation of natural resources usually end up as victims of disasters. Human-made disasters also place people in greater misery. "DISASTERS AFFECT ALL PEOPLE, HOWEVER, IT IS THE POOR AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS WHO SUFFER THE MOST"

The aftermath of a disaster paves the way for disaster prevention efforts.

Disasters encourage people to collaborate in addressing the roots of disaster risks, engaging in volunteerism, and building the resilience of communities.

HAZARDS

"potentially damaging physical events, phenomena, or human activities that may cause injury or loss of life, damage to property, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation". They are threat to our safety and survival.

GENERAL KINDS OF HAZARDS

1. Natural Hazard 2. Hazard induced by Humans 3. Hazards that are planned by humans

Natural Hazard

(beyond human control) A. HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL HAZARDS B. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS C. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS D. ASTRONOMICAL HAZARDS

Hazard induced by Humans

(may due to accidents, carelessness, or inability to implement protective measures.) A. FIRE B. INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS C. HAZARDS RELATED TO HIGH RISK RECREATION ACTIVITIES SUCH AS MOUNTAIN CLIMBING D. OTHER HAZARDOUS HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Hazards that are planned by humans

(because of personal or political interests, resulting in massive loss of lives and properties) E. ARSON F. TERRORISM G. WARS

HAZARD ANALYSIS

To understand a hazard. It is the "identification, study, and monitoring of any hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics, and behavior.

The purpose of hazard analysis

1. Provide descriptions of the hazards 2. Help in setting priorities corresponding to the need for protection 3. Assist in designing the appropriate DRRM system, plan, programs, and services

TOOLS IN DOING A HAZARD ANALYSIS

1. COMMUNITY HAZARDS AND DISASTER HISTORY CONSTRUCTION 2. HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY MAPPING 3. FACTOR ANALYSIS

COMMUNITY HAZARDS AND DISASTER HISTORY CONSTRUCTION

The existing hazards and the disasters that the community experienced are identified.

HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY MAPPING

Areas in the community that are vulnerable to a specific hazard are identified then located in the map.

FACTOR ANALYSIS

A. Frequency, B. Duration, C. Speed of Onset D. Intensity E. Probability F. Forewarning G. Manageability

Frequency

How often does the hazard occur?

Duration

How long does it occur?

Speed of Onset

How fast does it occur upon initial detection?

Intensity

What is the strength or magnitude?

Probability

What is the chance that it will occur?

Forewarning

Is there adequate time to prepare upon detection? Are there signals before occurrence?

Manageability

How manageable are the effects of the hazards?