stupid fucking evo bio fuck you

All living organisms posses

genotype

ability for mutations

relationship between genotype and phenotype

What happened during precambrian period

• cyanobacteria produced oxygen and change the atmosphere

• endosymbiosis resulted in aerobic organisms

• multicellular organisms arose

What happened during the paleozoic era?

• cambrian explosion (happened because of species interactions and diversification) 

• Land animals + plants, tetrapods, winged insects, seeded plants 

• end-permian mass extinction (THE LARGEST) 

What happened during the mesozoic era? 

• dinosaurs 

• Cycads dominate plants 

• Angiosperm plants evolved 

• KT extinction (Birds survived)

What happened during the cenozoic era?

• age of the mammals

• galcial cycles

What causes speciation

• barrier to reproduction

• disruption in gene flow

Species concepts

Morphological- phenotypic differences, widely applicable but may not reflect evolutionary history, doesn’t define cryptic species, doesn’t distinguish varibale population of the same species and different species

Phylogenetic species concept - speices are defined as the smallest monophyletic group, widely applicable to fossils but leads to many more species and can disagree with molecular and morphological data 

Biological-organisms in the same species can breed and organisms in different species can’t breed, evolutionarily meaningful but doesn’t apply to asexual species 

allopatric, parapatric and simpatric speciation

• allopatric- physical barriers

• parapatric- range expansion but no physical barrier results in different conditions and speciation

• sympatric- genetic differences result in reproductive isolation and then speciation

Allopatry is common in animals, sympatry is most common in plants

Biogeographic evidence of evolution

Even if there are similar climates, regions across globe contain unrelated species

Barriers to dispersal= difference in assemblage 

What changes geographic range?

Dispersal

Extinction

vicariance

net diversification rate

= seciation rate - extinction rate

Patterns of diversity over time 

1. mass extinctions are common 

2. Diversity rebounds after mass extinction 

Types of competition and how diversification is affected by each

Direct- two species compete

Incumbent replacement- one species takes over due to anothers’ absence

Difference between micro and macro evolution 

microevolution occurws at the species level over a short period of time due to allele frequency changes while macroevlution occurs at or above species level over the longterm and results in speciation 

How is phenotypic plasticity tested

Recipricol transplant experiments

• two of the same species that live in different environments are put in each other’s environments

What does it mean for the genetic code to ber degenerate

Multiple codons code for the same amino acid 

Which base changes result in amino acid changes? which don’t?

Most third base changes do not result in amino acid change

Second base change WILL RESult in an amino acid change

What are indels

single base pair insertions or deletions  bc of replication mistakes 

What is linkage equillibrium/ disequilibrium? How does it relate to recombination?

Linkage equilibrium= two alleles evolutions are independent of each other, recombination is high (>0.5 and prob on different chromosomes)

Disequilibrium= two alleles evolutions are not independent of each other, recombination is low (less than 0.5 and on same chromosome)

Disequilibrium decreases over time and D0 is above 0