EMT Exam #2 - Information I Find Important

what does the suffix “-phasia” mean

speaking

what does the suffix “-phagia” mean

eating or swallowing

what do prefix usually indicate

describe the location or intensity

• or numbers, colors

flexion

bending of a joint

extension

straightening of a joint

semi-fowler

patient sits at a 45-degree angle

high-fowler

patient sits at a 90-degree angle

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

• think sagittal with an equal division

how many bones does the human skeleton have

206

what makes up the axial skeleton

all the parts of the body which extremities are attached to

• includes the skull

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

the extremities + pelvis

two types of joints

• ball and socket

  • allows rotation and bending

  • hip

• hinge

  • motion restricted to flexion and extension

  • elbow

how many vertebrae are in the spine

33

what are the 5 sections the spine vertebrae are divided into

1. cervical

2. thoracic

3. lumbar

4. sacrum

5. coccyx

whats the mnemonic for remembering the division of spine vertebrae

• breakfast at 7

• lunch at 12

• dinner at 5× 2

• late night snack at 9- four hours later

how many ribs are there

10 pairs

• 2 pairs of ribs

what is the humerus

the upper arm bone

what is the clavicle

the collar bone

what is the scapula

the shoulder blade

where is the radius on the forearm

on the lateral side (the side with the thumb)

where is the ulna on the forearm

on the medial side (the side with pinkie)

what bones make up the wrist

the carpals

what bones make up the palm (majority)

the metacarpals

what are the finger bones called

phalanges

what is the tibia

the shin bone

• the larger lower leg bone, anterior of leg

what is the fibula

smaller of the lower leg bones

• lateral side of the leg

what makes up the dorsal region of the foot

the tarsals

what makes up the middle region of the foot

the metatarsals

what makes up the toes

phalanges

whats included in the upper respiratory airway

• nose

• mouth

• tongue

• jaw

• larynx

  • divides the upper and lower airways

whats included in the lower respiratory airway

• trachea

• lungs

pleura

a layer of smooth, glistening tissue that covers each lung and lines the chest cavity

what the dogma of the lungs

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

thyroid cartilage

the adam’s apple

cricoid cartilage

immediately below the thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane

what are the characteristics of inhalation

• diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (considered positive)

• pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases

• lungs fill with air (to composite for the difference in pressure and reach equilibrium)

  • process considered active

what are the characteristics of exhalation

• diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (negative)

• thoracic cavity returns to its normal shape and volume

  • passive

what is the function of the respiratory system

to provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

respiration define

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and tissues

• provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

whats the brainstems role in respiration

it monitors the levels of pH in your cerebrospinal fluid (via H+ ions). If too acidic CO2 is expelled (an acidic molecule)

hypoxic drive

low oxygen so more breathing is necessary (in comparison to having too much CO2)

ventilation

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

tidal volume

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath

residual volume

the gas that remains in the lungs after exhalation to keep the lungs open

dead space

the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli and where little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs

formula for minute volume

respiratory rate x tidal volume

what are the two circuits of the circulatory system

• systematic circulation (body)

• pulmonary circulation (lungs)

stroke volume

the amount of blood moved by one beat

cardiac output

amount of blood moved in 1 minute

• formula = HR x SV

what does the pulmonary artery do

carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

whats the function of the spleen

filters blood

systole pressure

when the left ventricle of the heart contracts, it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta

diastole

when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood

perfusion

circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells

hypoperfusion

inadequate blood supply to organs, tissues, and cells

what causes shock to occur

when the organs don’t receive enough oxygen

whats the central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

what is the peripheral nervous system

all other nerve responses

the PNS can be further divided into which regions

• somatic nervous system

• autonomic nervous system

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into which regions

• parasympathetic: rest and digest

• sympathetic: fight or flight

blood vessels have which type of nervous system receptors

alpha-adrenergic

the heart and lungs have which type of nervous system receptors

beta-adrenergic

what are the subdivisions of the brain (as it pertains to our class)

• cerebrum (main portion of the brain)

• cerebellum (rear portion of the brain)

• brainstem

whats the function of the somatic nervous system

transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles

whats the function of autonomic nervous system

involuntary actions

• rest/digest and fight/flight

role of the peripheral nervous system

• sensory nerves carry information from the body to the CNS

• motor nerves carry information from CNS to muscles

whats the function of the lymphatic system

supports the circulatory system and immune system

• helps to rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials

whats the function of the endocrine system

• message and control system

• integrates many bodily functions

• hormones are released directly into the bloodstream

hypercarbia

abnormally high levels of CO2 in the blood stream

whats the function of the frontal lobe

thinking, self-control, etc.

whats the function of the parietal lobe

taste, smell, language, etc.

whats the function of temporal lobe

hearing, speech

whats the function of occupational lobe

eyesight

whats the function of the cerebellum

balance, fine motor skills, coordination

whats the function of the brainstem

all autonomic actions

• pons: breathing

• medulla

• mid brain

function of the gall bladder

storage site of bile (bile functions to break down fat)

function of the pancreas

creates insulin (decreases blood sugar), and glycogen (increases blood sugar)

• major endocrine organ

function of the kidneys

creates urine (excess water and waste products_

V/Q ratio

refers to ventilation to respiration, when equal it is as expected

• if uneven, its because one variable is abnormal

  • i.e., inhaling lungs are full of mucus, however, no difficulties exhaling

what are the effects of shock on the body

• cells engage in anaerobic metabolism

• severe metabolic acidosis

• baroreceptors initiate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

• the heart rate increases

• interstitial fluid moves into the capillaries

where are the kidneys found

in the retroperitoneal space

what are the parts of the sternum

• manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

what blood does the left atrium receive

oxygenated blood from the lungs

what blood does the right atrium receive

deoxygenated blood from the body

what age range is neonates

birth to 1 month

what age range is infants

1 month to 1 year

what are some characteristics of neonates and infants

• head accounts for 25% of body weight

• growth of 1 oz per day

• prone to nasal congestion

• proportionally large tongues, so airway obstruction is more common

moro reflex

neonate opens arms wide, spreads fingers, and seems to grab at things

palmar grasp

occurs when an object is placed into the neonates palm

rooting reflex

neonate instinctively turns head when something touches its cheek

sucking reflex

occurs when a neonates lips are stroked

what are the fontanelles we should be concerned with

• anterior fontanelle (top of the head)

• posterior (back of the head)

• mastoid (mastoid process)

• sphenoidal (temporal region)

what happens at 2 months of neonate and infant develop

recognizes familiar faces; uses eyes to track objects and people

what happens at 3 months of neonate and infant develop

brings objects to the mouth; smiles and frowns

what happens at 4 months of neonate and infant develop

reaches arms out to people; drools

what happens at 5 months of neonate and infant develop

sleeps throughout the night, distinguishes family members from strangers

what happens at 6 months of neonate and infant develop

begins teething; sit upright, speaks one-syllable words

what happens at 7 months of neonate and infant develop

afraid of strangers; displays mood swings

what happens at 8 months of neonate and infant develop

responds to “no”, can sit alone. plays peek-a-boo

what happens at 9 months of neonate and infant develop

pulls self up to stand, explores objects by placing them in his or her mouth