Behaviorism and Learning Theories in Psychology

Little Albert

Conditioned to fear fuzzy objects by Watson.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior influenced by environmental outcomes.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding stimulus to increase desired behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing stimulus to increase desired behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding stimulus to decrease undesired behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing stimulus to decrease undesired behavior.

Fixed Ratio

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Variable Ratio

Reinforcement after unpredictable number of responses.

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement after a fixed time period.

Variable Interval

Reinforcement after varying time intervals.

Shaping

Reinforcement for successive approximations of behavior.

Wilhelm Wundt

Known as the 'Father of Psychology'.

Introspection

Self-examination of conscious thoughts.

William James

Proposed functionalism, opposing structuralism.

Freud

Focused on the unconscious mind.

Karl Popper

Falsifiability is key for scientific theories.

Pavlov

Conducted classical conditioning experiments with dogs.

Behaviorism

Study of observable behavior, ignoring mental processes.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for speech, movement, and personality.

Limbic System

Involved in emotion and memory processing.

Glutamate

Excitatory neurotransmitter linked to learning.

Serotonin

Involved in mood regulation and sleep.

Dopamine

Linked to movement and reward pathways.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Motivational theory from basic to self-fulfillment.

Hypothalamus

Regulates motivated behaviors like hunger and thirst.

Sexual Response Cycle

Stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.