skeletal system

support

Form the internal framework that supports the body and cradle its soft organs.

protection

Bones protect soft body organs`

movement

Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.

blood cell formation

also known as hematopoiesis, is the process by which the body produces new blood cells.

bone marrow

the spongy tissue found inside bones, especially in the pelvis, ribs, and sternum.

stem cell

The process starts with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. These are special cells that have the potential to become any type of blood cell

differentiation

"progenitor cells" The stem cells differentiate into different types of cells based on the body's needs

red blood cell

These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and remove carbon dioxide

white blood cells

These are part of the immune system and help fight infections.

platelets

These cell fragments help with blood clotting, stopping bleeding from wounds.

maturation and release

Once the cells mature, they are released into the bloodstream to perform their specific functions.

erythropoietin

stimulates red blood cells production

thrombopoietin

stimulates platelets production

cytokines

regulates WBC production

hematopoiesis

is a dynamic process that continually adjusts to meet the body's needs, such as increasing WBC production during an infection or boosting RBCs in response to low oxygen levels.

storage

are stored and can be found beneath the skin and around internal organs.

spongy bone

also known as cancellous or trabecular bone, found in the long bones surrounded by compact bones

compact bones

also called cortical bones, surround the spongy bone. they are heavy, tough and compact in nature.

Epiphysis / Diaphysis

Long bone consist of a shaft called ___ and two expanded ends called ___ that attach with the other bones.

epiphyseal line

It has a plate of hyaline cartilage found in children and adolescents, located in the metaphysis at the ends of each long bone.

metaphysis

It is the area between the growth plate and the shaft.

It also contains the epiphyseal growth plate, the site of new longitudinal bone growth.

medullary canal

The central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity

bone marrow

is a spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells.

periosteum

The thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by articular cartilage)

endostreum

Covers the surface of the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue and covers the wall of the various canals that pass through the compact bone.

articular cartilage

is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. To provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient

short bones

cubelike. They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

flat bones

They are thin and do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

irregular bones

are all the weird-shaped bones that do not belong in any other category. They do not have any cavity similar to the medullary cavity of the long bones.

axial bones

It consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage.

sutures of the skull

These are articulations and joints where the bones come together.

articulation

A joining or connecting together loosely to allow motion between parts.

lamboid

It connects the occipital bone with the two parietal bones.

coronal

The right and left coronal sutures run from each ear to the sagittal suture at the top of the head.

sagittal "arrow"

A dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.

squamos

Acts as an expansion joint between the parietal and temporal bones.

occipitomastoid

The cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.

metopic

Separate the two frontal bones at birth and is the first skull suture to close physiologically, starting as early as at 3 months and generally being completely fused at the age of 8 months

metopic sutures

play an important role in the growth of brain and also for normal growth of the skull

orbital complex

The area that surrounds each eye and the nasal complex, which surrounds the nasal cavity. This includes the frontal bone, maxilla and lacrimal bone.

nasal complex

This encloses the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavities.

hyoid bone

function to support the larynx and provides attachment to our tongue to give us the ability to speak

true ribs

attached to the sternum

false ribs

do not attach to the sternum

floating ribs

no attachment to the sternum

appendicular skeleton

It comprises the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles

axial skeleton

the central core of the human body housing and protecting its vital organs.

axial skeleton

. The first is to support and protect the organs in the dorsal and ventral cavities. The second is that it creates a surface for the attachment of muscles.

osteoblast

are responsible for building new bone tissue. They produce the bone matrix, which is made of collagen and minerals like calcium, creating the hard structure of bones.

osteocytes

are mature bone cells that were once osteoblasts. They get trapped inside the bone matrix they helped create and maintain the bone tissue by communicating with other bone cells.

osteoclast

break down old or damaged bone tissue through a process called bone resorption. They release enzymes that dissolve bone minerals and collagen.

ossification

bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with BONE TISSUE FORMATION.

trabeculae

Though compact bone forms an organized outer shell, cancellous bone consists of thin interlocking plates called

remodeling

Bone continually renews its structure and strength through

intramembranous ossification

Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.

endochondral ossification

Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.

articulation or joint

It is where two or more bones come together or meet. Most joints contain a single articulations. Each articulation contains the names of two bones (or sockets)

acetabulofemoral joint (hip joint)

is where the acetabulum of a coxal bone articulates with the head of the femur.

glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

Is where the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus

tibiofemural joint

articulation between the femur and tibia

patellafemural

articulation between patella and the femur

humeroradial

articulation of the humerus and radius

humeroulnar

Articulation between humerus and ulna.

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

articulation between the radius and ulnar

synarthrosis

(no mobility). Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints (e.g. sutures of skull)

ampiarthrosis

(slight mobility). Most __ joints are cartilaginous joint (e.g. intervertebral disc)

diarthrosis

freely movable) including all synovial joints.

fibrous joint

bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fiber

sutures

periosteum of articulating bones interdigitate making a very stable joint, for example sutures of the skull

gomphosis

joint between the teeth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla, it is held in place by the periodontal ligament

syndesmosis

located between two parallel articulating bones, they are joined by a long fibrous membrane called the interosseous membrane

cartiliginous joints

bones are joined by cartilage. Most of this type of joint allow for some movement, so they are amphiarthrosis.

synchondrosis joint

a cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, or where a bone is united to hyaline cartilage

symphysis

where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage

synovial joint

bones have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments.

hematoma formation

Blood vessels rupture. A blood filled swelling called a hematoma forms. Bone deprived of nutrition die

fibrocartilage callus formation

break is splinted. Growth of new capillaries.

bony callous formation

Fibrocartilage is replaced by spongy bone

bone remodeling

Bony callus is remodeled over the next few months in response to stress. Timeframe: Starts around 6-8