H Bio Midterms (copy)

Chapters 1, 2, 7, 19, 8, 9, 5, 6, and 3

observation

the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way

data

information gathered from observations

inference

a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation

spontaneous generation

the idea that life could arise from non living things

controlled experiment

test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same.

theory

evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a particular hypothesis may be so well supported that scientists consider it a theory

biology

is the science that employs the scientific method to study living things

cell

the basic unit of structure and function in living things

microscope

device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye

cell culture

group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

sexual reproduction

when cells from 2 different parents unite to form the first cell of a organism

asexual reproduction

a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

metric system

decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10

electron microscope

a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects

compound light microscope

microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

qualitative data

describes qualities or characteristics.

quantitative

numerical data

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Isotope

An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Ion

An atom that has an unequal amount of protons and electrons giving it a positive or negative charge.

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

pH scale

A scale used to specify the concentration of acidity or basicity in a solution. Measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

Any compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Buffers

weak acids or bases that are used to neutralize a strong acid or base.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Nucleic Acid

CHONP; DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

double stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Covalent Bond

when electrons are shared between atoms to form a new chemical compound

Molecule

The structure that results when atoms are bonded together. This is the most common structure found in nature.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Solution

A mixture of a solvent and a solute. Can be a liquid, solid, or gas

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Suspensions

The state in which molecules of a substance are dispersed but not dissolved in a fluid

Monomers

individual carbon based molecules, "monosaccharide"

Polymers

monomer molecules chemically bonded together, "polysaccharide"

Carbohyrates

energy sources like sugars and starches (ex: glucose, sucrose)

Monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides

Protein

one of the organic compounds ; CHON ; found in bones and muscles ;

Amino Acid

Building blocks of protein (monomer)

Chemical Reaction

A process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

substance produced in a chemical reaction

Enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed

Signs of Chemical Reaction

temp change, color change, bubbles/gas forms, or state change

endothermic reaction

A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat

exothermic reaction

A reaction that PRODUCES energy in the form of heat

Cell

Basic unit of life

Cell Theory

1. cells arise from preexisting cells
2. cells are the basic units of life
3. all living things are made of cells

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins (protein synthesis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. assists ER. complex of vesicles

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts. has digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Lipid Bilayer

semi-permeable double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

Concentration

the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

Diffusion

PARTICLES MOVE FROM AN AREA OF WHERE THEY ARE MORE CONCENTRATED TO AN AREA OF LESS CONCENTRATION.

Equilibrium

WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT A SOLUTION OR SYSTEM

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane: passive transport

Isotonic

WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER ON BOTH SIDES OF A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE IS EQUAL

Hypertonic

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside

Hypotonic

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

MOVEMENT OF SPECIFIC MOLECULES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE THROUGH PROTEIN CHANNELS. THIS PROCESS ALLOWS LARGER MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference THIS IS HOW THE CELL MOVES LARGE OBJECTS ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane. a form of ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Exocytosis

A FORM OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND BULK TRANSPORT IN WHICH A CELL TRANSPORTS MOLECULES OUT OF THE CELL BY SECRETING THEM THROUGH AN ENERGY INTENSIVE PROCESS.

Vacuole

several small ones in animal and one big one in plant - storage of nutrients