AGRARIAN REFORM

Reform

Reform

a change, a process, or an act to achieve improvements on any current state or quality

Land Reform

redistribution of lands to limited group of beneficiaries.

Agrarian Reform

includes redistribution of land, and provision of infrastructure, and covers production and tenure, among others.

Land Reform

a measure undertaken to improve the relationship between the tillers and landowner, regarding the former's rights and privileges in the land they are nurturing

Agrarian Reform

pursues a broader
improvement, not only on land
ownership, but also in the agrarian
system and processes.

Agrarian Reform

- a development program assisted by various government agencies for the advancement of its beneficiaries,
mostly landless farmers.

- a package of support services, price regulations, and government assistance on matters related to legal aid, consultation, counseling, and
building of infrastructures that would benefit the farmers, among others.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988

CARP

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988

a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988

To stabilized the imbalance landownership arrangement brought about by oppressive colonial regimes and past governments' land laws and policies.

barangay; datus

In the precolonial period, the community was called ______ governed by _____.

FALSE; no national government

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In precolonial period, there was national government.

confederation

In precolonial period, some barangays united to form a _______.

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In precolonial period, the existence of barangays means that our ancestors acknowledge land ownership and territorial boundaries.

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In precolonial period, members of the barangay may own properties.

1565-1898

Time Period of Spanish Colonial

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's Policy

In Spanish colonial period, this policy aims to recognize all the lands as part of the public domain.

FALSE; Spanish Colonial period

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In Precolonial period, private ownership was introduced.

Conquistadores (conquerors)

In Spanish colonial period, those who help in conquering the islands to start the Spanish colonization were awarded with land.

Encomienda

In Spanish colonial period, this is a right over a piece of land in the Spanish colonial Philippines given to a conquistador.

sitio de ganado mayor

land measuring 1,742 hectares

caballerias

land measuring 42.5 hectares

120

In Spanish colonial period, approximately ___ Spaniards were sitio de ganado mayor and caballerias

FALSE; loyal civilian and military

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In Spanish colonial period, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal friars.

protection

The encomienda labor system was
implemented wherein natives will work for the lands of Spanish
landowners in exchange for ______.

tribute (tributo)

In Spanish colonial period, the natives also had to pay a _______ (tax).

hacenderos

farm owners

FALSE; sold for lower price

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In Spanish colonial period, the hacenderos failed to cultivate their haciendas and others donated the land or sold for a higher price to the religious orders (friars) for spiritual benefits.

haciendas

large tract of farms

Augustinians

Legazpi had granted lands to the friars, like the _______ in Cebu and Manila.

lay brothers

The friars mobilize ______ of the religious order to manage the haciendas.

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]
The lay brothers were relatively free to make their own decisions on administrative affairs.

inquilinato; canon

Under the _______ system, an individual may rent a land for a fixed annual amount known as ______.

inquilino

An ______ is a tenant who rented land from friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers or kasama.

FALSE; non-cultivating groups

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In the inquilino system, the downside was that the kasama's income was diminished by
the cultivating groups.

free from tax

In effect, communal ownership of land gradually and slowly took the backseat. Private ownership of land was introduced. With this arrangement, every municipal
resident was given his choice of the land for cultivation,
"___________".

December of 1503

The encomienda system in the Spanish colonies
began because of a Royal Order promulgated in
_________.

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]
In return for such a duty, the encomiendas
enjoyed the right to have a share in the tribute
(tributo) paid by the natives.

Cavite
Laguna
Batangas
Bulacan

Almost all the grants that Legazpi extended to the Spanish officials and friars were confined to what would eventually become the provinces of ______, _____, ______, and _____.

pueblos or municipios; gobernadorcillos

The Spanish authorities began to group together several barangays into administration units. They termed these units as _________ which were governed by _______.

caciques

Together, the cabezas and gobernadorcillos made up of the landed class known as ______

Reduccion

It is the centralization of the community where churches, convents, casa real and plazas can be found.

cedula

head tax

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]
These decrees (Decreto Realenga and the Maura Law) ordered the caciques and natives, to secure legal title for their lands or suffer forfeiture.

400,000

In the Spanish Colonial period, it was estimated that _______ Filipino peasants were left without titles.

the Maura Law (1894)

_______ deprived many Filipino peasants of their own lands through scheming and treacherous ways of both Spaniards and caciques

realenga

real estates

pacto de retroventa

Mortgage system

1. Outright purchase at a low price of realenga by a Spaniard or a cacique, from a badly-in-need peasants.
2. pacto de retroventa

Other strategies of dispossessing peasants of
their landholdings were:

1898-1899

Time period of the Philippine Revolutionary Government

Friars

a member of any of certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant orders.

Augustinians
Carmelites
Dominicans
Franciscans

four mendicant orders

Spanish Officials

the high-ranking official in the Philippines, the governor general saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines.

Mestizos

people of mixed Filipino and any foreign ancestry.

(ruling class) was larger and more influential than the preconquest nobility, and it created and perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control. The indirect rule helped create in rural areas a Filipino upper class.

principalía

Filipino upper class

1898-1935

Time period of the American Rule

$20,000,000

The Treaty of Paris stated that Spain would turn over the Philippines to the United States in exchange of _________.

December 10, 1898

Date when the Treaty of Paris was signed

ten years

US would recognize the rights of Spaniards to sell theirs good in the Philippines in the next _______.

Land Registration Act of 1902

This law aims to determine the extent of private landholdings in the country. Almost all titles granted by the Court of Land Registration were large private landholding.

Public Land Act of 1903

This law was supposed to favor the landless Filipinos, but in reality, they did not take advantage of it because of their ignorance in law. 16 hectares for the families who had occupied and cultivated the land.

Cadastral Act of 1903

This law required cadastral surveys for new land titles. Then government classified the lands as private.

Friars Lands Act of 1904

the landed estates were subdivided and were offered for sale to the actual tenant-tillers with an interest of eight percent (8%) for 25 years.

1935-1946

Time period of the Commonwealth Era

Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933

RA 4054

President Manuel L. Quezon

Who implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933

50-50

Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 stated that the sharing of the crop would be _____.

10%

Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 stated that there should be regulation of ____ interest per agricultural year

President Roxas

In 1946, ______ proclaimed the Rice Share
Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country.

Tenant Act

The remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 34 of 1946, known as _______.

70-30

Tenant Act stated that the sharing arrangement and regulated share-tenancy contracts would be _____.

1. Economic Reconstruction through Industrialization
2. Restoration of the Faith and Confidence of the People in the Government

The two main objectives of the Quirino administration:

President Ramon Magsaysay

_______ realized the importance of pursuing a more honest-to-goodness land reform program. He convinced the elite controlled congress to pass several legislation to improve the land reform situation.

Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954

(R.A No.1199)
- Governs the relations between landholders and tenants of agricultural lands.

Land Reform Act of 1955

RA 1400

Land Reform Act of 1955

this law created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA)

Land Tenure Administration; 200; 600

_____ responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over _____ hectares for individuals and _____ hectares for corporations.

President Diosdado Macapagal

____ was considered the "Father of
Agrarian Reform"

August 8, 1963

the Agricultural Land Reform Code
or RA No. 3844 was enacted on _____

Agricultural Land Reform Code

This Act abolished share tenancy in the Philippines. It prescribed a program converting the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into owner-cultivators.

Agricultural land reform Code (RA 6389)

This agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the farmers from poverty and ignorance and to make them useful, dignified, responsible and progressive partners in nation-building.

1. Abolition of personal cultivation and conservation to
residential subdivision
2. Automatic conversion of all share tenants in the
Philippines to leasehold tenants
3. Creation of Department of Agrarian Reform
4. Right of tenant on land concerted to residential
5. Increase financing for the land reform program
6. Crediting of Rentals in favor of tenant

Six major components of President Marcos' Agrarian Reform Program

Tenant Emancipation Act (PD 27)

emancipates tenant farmers in the Philippines, transferring
ownership of the land they till to them, with specific size limits and
cost determined by average harvest, aiming to address land ownership concentration and promote social reform.

Operation Land Transfer (OLT)

Part of the provisions of P.D. 27, which aims to accelerate the transfer of ownership to farmers.

✣ Narrow Coverage
✣ Protection for Big Landlords
✣ Heavy burden on farmer- beneficiaries
✣ Little support service
✣ Weak farmer's organization

The Tenant Emancipation Act Program was severely limited because of following reasons :

Center Piece of her Government

During this administration she made the agrarian reform
program as "_______"

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law (RA 6657)

It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the "tenurial"
arrangement.

Fidel V Ramos

_____ is recognized for bringing back support of key stakeholders of CARP, enhancing internal operating systems and strengthening the capabilities of the DAR bureaucracy.

Ramos Administration

credited for having the biggest
accomplishment in terms of land acquisition and distribution
(LAD) - more on public lands and corn lands

Magkabalikat para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo

(Magsasaka) Estrada Administration

Joseph Ejercito Estrada

This administration saw the urgency of land distribution and believed that it can be served if it is built on farmers' capacities to pursue their own development.

GMA administration

The ______ did not pass any agrarian reform law until 9 months before the end of her term.

RA. 9007 Comprehensive Reform Program Extension and Reforms (CARPER)

Agrarian Reform Law in GMA Administration

GMA Administration

This administration is also credited in heightening agrarian case resolution by introducing a quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian cases and train farmers into paralegals