States of Matter

Solid particles

can’t be compressed

vibrate around a fixed position

strong forces of attraction hold the particles close together in a fixed regular arrangement

don’t have much energy

strong forces between molecules

Liquid particles

can’t be compressed

particles still in contact with each other by sliding over each other

weaker forces of attraction between particles

have more energy than particles in a solid

Gas particles

can be compressed

move randomly away from each other

not very dense and collide with the side of a container

weak forces between molecules

name the particles

Gas

name the particle

liquid

name the particles

solid

Pressure in Gases

Every time the particles hit the side of the container the particles exert a force at right angles on the container- this is called pressure. Pressure= force/area

Measuring density pratically (metal cube)

Measure the length, width and height using a ruler in cm. Times the measurements together to calculate the volume. Put the cube on a mass balance and collect the mass in grams. Divide mass by volume to get density in g/cm³.

Measuring density practically (statue)

Measure the statue on a mass balance to get the mass in grams. Put water into a big enough displacement can so that water starts dripping from the spout. When it stops dripping, place a measuring cylinder under a spout and put the statue in the can. Collect the water that comes from the spout into the cylinder to get the volume. Divide the mass by volume to get the density in g/cm³.

what is this 

changes of state

Why is point 2 and 4 flat

It shows a change of state and energy is being used to break the break bonds- potential energy is increasing

What is specific heat capacity 4,200 J/kg degrees in Water

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degrees.

Specific Heat Capacity Practical

• Use a mass balance to measure the mass of the insulating container

• Fill the container with water and measure its mass again and find the difference of each mass to get the mass of water

• Set up the experiment and make sure the joulemeter reads zero 

• Measure the starting temperature of water, then turn on the power

• When the temperature has increases by a certain amount record its temperature increase and the energy on the joulemeter

  • Calculate the specific heat capacity using the equation and repeat the experiment to get the average specific heat capacity

What is absolute zero

-273 degrees = 0 Kelvin

P1/T1 = P2/T2

T is in Kelvin