HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND LEGAL/ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS (PPT)

china

-There were scattered evidences of Civil Service testing in — (206 BCE)

Han Dynasty

developed test batteries

test batteries

are two or more tests used in conjunction

Min Dynasty

• ○— developed multistage testing.

  ○From local tests they will take the provincial capital test, then lead to national capital test.

The English East India Company

imitated the Chinese system to select employees for overseas duty.

British diplomats

— and missionary used the Chinese system for job selection.

US

○The — established the American Civil Service Commission.

American Civil Service Commission

US established the ——. They developed and administered competitive examinations for government service jobs

Charles Darwin

○He believed that some of these individual differences are more “adaptive” than others.

○His principle of survival of the fittest states that some species have qualities that are more adaptive to the changing environment.

Francis Galton

• ○He was an applied Darwinist. He claimed that some people possessed characteristics that made them “more fit” than others.

• Considered by some as the founder of psychometrics

  • Father of Eugenics

anthropometric laboratory

Galton set up an — at the International Exposition of 1884

galton bar

for visual discrimination of length

galton whistle

for determining highest audible pitch

Karl Pearson

○Student of Galton.

○He continued Galton’s early work with statistical regression.

James Mckeen Cattel

○He was the first to use the term mental-test.

○He made a dissertation on reaction time based upon Galton’s work

Johan Friedrich Herbart

○He proposed Mathematical models of the mind.

He was the founder of Pedagogy as an academic discipline

Ernst Heinrich Weber

○He proposed the concepts sensory thresholds and Just Noticeable Difference (JND).

Gustav Theodor Fechner

○He was involved in the mathematics of sensory thresholds of experience.

○He is the founder of Psychophysics, and one of the founders of Experimental Psychology.

○Considered by some as the founder of psychometrics.

Weber-Fechner Law

It states that the strength of a sensation grows as the logarithm of the stimulus intensifies

Wilhelm Wundt

Influenced by Fechner. Established the first Psych Lab

Edward B. Titchener

Influenced by Wundt. HE established Structuralism

Guy Montrose Whipple

○A student of Titchner.

○He pioneered Human Ability Testing.

○His seminars changed the field of psychological testing which led the APA to  issue its first set of standards for professional psychological testing because of his criticisms.

○It led to the construction of Carnegie Interest Inventory and Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Louis Leon Thurstone

○He was a large contributor to factor analysis.

○His approach to measurement was termed the Law of Comparative Judgement.

Jean Etienne Esquirol

• French Physician

• ○Favorite student of Philippe Pinel- founder of Psychiatry.

  ○He was responsible for the manuscript on mental retardation. He differentiated mental illness (insanity) from mental retardation.

Edouard Seguin

• ○He is the pioneer in training mentally retarded persons.

  ○He rejected the notion of incurable MR.

  ○In 1837 he opened the first school devoted in teaching MR children.

  ○In 1866 he conducted experiments with physiological training of MR which lead to the nonverbal tests of intelligence. (— Form Board)

Emil Kraeplin

• ○He devised a series of examinations for evaluating emotionally impaired people.

  ○the progression of mental illness could be predicted, after taking into account individual differences in personality and patient age at the onset of disease.

Alfred Binet

• ○The French ministers of public instruction appointed a commission to study the ways of identifying intellectually subnormal individuals.

  ○He created the first intelligence test: Binet-Simon Scale of 1905.

  ●Binet-Simon Scale of 1905

  ○Contained 30 items of increasing difficulty

  It was designed to identify intellectually subnormal individuals

David Wechsler

• ○Subscales were “adopted” from the Army Scales

  ○Produces several scores of intellectual ability rather than Binet’s single scores (e.g. Verbal, Performance, Full-Scale)

  ○It evolved into the Weschler Series of Intelligence test (WAIS, WISC, etc.)

trait

○relatively enduring dispositions (tendencies to act, think or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance).

Henry Murray and Christina Morgan

●Thematic Apperception Test It was constructed by

Starke R. Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley

MMPI was developed by clinical psychologist — and neuropsychiatrist —

culture

‘the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people’

culture-specific tests

tests designed for use with ppl from one culture, but not from another

Level A (Test-User)

tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working

Level B (Test-user)

tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields

Level C (Test-user)

tests and aids requiring substantial understanding of testing and supporting psych fields with experience

private right

recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and opinions

privileged information

information protected by law from being disclosed in legal proceeding. Protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings. Privilege belongs to the client not the psychologist.

confedentiality

concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom

    -Safekeeping of test data: It is not a good policy

to maintain all records in perpetuity