Qur’an Tajweed Rules – Vocabulary Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key Tajweed terms and their English meanings.

مَخَارج الحُروف (Makharij al-Ḥurūf)

The articulation points of the Arabic letters— the exact place in the mouth, tongue, lips, or throat from which each sound originates.

صِفات الحُروف (Ṣifāt al-Ḥurūf)

The characteristics of the letters—how each letter sounds (e.g., heavy, light, whispered, strong, etc.).

الغُنّة (Al-Ghunnah)

A nasal sound produced from the nose that lasts for two counts; found in letters such as ن and م.

الإِدغام (Al-Idghām)

Merging a non-voweled letter into a voweled letter so they become one (with or without emphasis).

الإِظهار (Al-Iẓhār)

Clear pronunciation of a letter without merging, especially when one of the throat letters follows a nūn sākinah or tanwīn.

الإِقلاب (Al-Iqlāb)

Changing a nūn sākinah or tanwīn into a mīm with nasalization when followed by the letter ب.

الإِخفاء (Al-Ikhfā’)

Hiding the nūn sound between clear and merged pronunciation, with ghunnah, when nūn sākinah or tanwīn meets any of the 15 ikhfā’ letters.

التَفخيم (At-Tafkhīm)

Heavy or bold pronunciation that makes the letter sound full-mouthed (applied to letters such as خ، ص، ض).

التَرقيق (At-Tarqīq)

Light or soft pronunciation that makes the letter sound thin (applied to letters such as ت، س، ي).

المَدّ (Al-Madd)

Lengthening a vowel sound for a set number of counts (2, 4, 6, etc.).

المَدّ الطَبيعي ‎(Madd Ṭabīʿī – Natural Madd)

The basic elongation of two counts with no cause such as hamzah or sukūn.

مَدّ مُتَّصِل ‎(Madd Muttaṣil – Connected Madd)

Hamzah appears in the same word after a madd letter; lengthened 4–5 counts.

مَدّ مُنفَصِل ‎(Madd Munfaṣil – Disconnected Madd)

Hamzah appears in the next word after a madd letter; lengthened 4–5 counts.

المَدّ بسبب السُكون (Madd due to Sukūn)

Any elongation caused by a permanent or temporary sukūn following a madd letter.

مَدّ عارِض للسُكون ‎(Madd ‘Āriḍ lis-Sukūn – Temporary Madd)

Occurs when stopping on a word that ends with a madd letter followed by temporary sukūn; length 2, 4, or 6 counts.

مَدّ لازِم ‎(Madd Lāzim – Compulsory Madd)

Permanent sukūn after a madd letter; always lengthened six counts.

مَدّ البَدَل ‎(Madd al-Badal)

Hamzah comes first and is followed by a madd letter; usually prolonged two counts.

مَدّ العِوَض ‎(Madd al-‘Iwaḍ)

Replacing tanwīn fatḥah at a word’s end with an alif when stopping; prolonged two counts.

مَدّ الصِّلَة الصُغرى ‎(Madd aṣ-Ṣilah aṣ-Ṣughrā – Minor Linking)

A pronoun هاء between two vowels; lengthened two counts.

مَدّ الصِّلَة الكُبرى ‎(Madd aṣ-Ṣilah al-Kubrā – Major Linking)

A pronoun هاء followed by a hamzah; lengthened 4–5 counts.

مَدّ الفَرق ‎(Madd al-Farq)

Occurs when a questioning hamzah meets a hamzah followed by a madd letter, differentiating question from noun.

مَدّ لازِم كَلِمي مُثقَّل ‎(Madd Lāzim Kalimī Muthaqal)

Permanent sukūn with shaddah in the same word after a madd letter; 6 counts.

مَدّ لازِم كَلِمي مُخفَّف ‎(Madd Lāzim Kalimī Mukhaffaf)

Permanent sukūn without shaddah in the same word after a madd letter (rare); 6 counts.

مَدّ لازِم حَرفي مُثقَّل ‎(Madd Lāzim Ḥarfī Muthaqal)

In disconnected opening letters, a madd letter followed by a shaddah; 6 counts.

مَدّ لازِم حَرفي مُخفَّف ‎(Madd Lāzim Ḥarfī Mukhaffaf)

In disconnected opening letters, a madd letter followed by a plain sukūn; 6 counts.

أحكام النون الساكنة والتنوين (Rules of Nūn Sākinah & Tanwīn)

Four rules governing nūn sākinah or tanwīn: Iẓhār, Idghām, Iqlāb, and Ikhfā’.

أحكام الميم الساكنة (Rules of Mīm Sākinah)

Three lip-based rules: Ikhfā’ Shafawī, Idghām Shafawī, and Iẓhār Shafawī.

إِخفاء شفوي ‎(Ikhfā’ Shafawī)

Hiding the mīm sound with ghunnah when a mīm sākinah is followed by ب.

إِدغام شفوي ‎(Idghām Shafawī)

Merging a mīm sākinah into a following م with ghunnah, producing a doubled م sound.

إِظهار شفوي ‎(Iẓhār Shafawī)

Clear pronunciation of a mīm sākinah before any letter except ب or م.

القَلْقَلَة (Qalqalah)

An echoing or bouncing sound when the letters ق، ط، ب، ج، د carry sukūn or are stopped upon.

السَّكتة (Saktah)

A very brief pause without taking a breath between two words while reciting.

الإمالة (Imālah)

Tilting the sound of alif between “a” and “e/i,” used in some Qur’ānic readings.