chapter 7 - psychosocial dev infancy

crying

an early emotional R, different cries mean different things, people are aversive to it, first way for baby to communicate emotion

smiling

an early emotional R at 2 m.o. when baby is initially falling asleep (not a “real” smile, sleep smile), first social smile especially at people they recognize

laughing

an early emotional R at 4 m.o., simple sense of humor like sounds or surprises or anticipated things, ie. tearing paper baby

self conscious emotions

empathy, envy, and embaressment, by age 3 baby has to have self awareness

atruistic behavior

at 15-24 m.o. baby has to be self aware before they can have altrustic B, ie. has to have empathy (self conscious) before they can be kind (altruistic)

temperament

how baby is approaching and reacting to people and situations

• appears to be biologically based

• fairly constant over time

• affects reactions to people and E

easy temperament

generally happy, flexible, predictable rhythms, 40% of babies

difficult temperament

more irritable, irregular patterns, intense emotional Rs, don’t adapt well, 10% of babies

slow to warm up temperament

takes longer than easy babies to adapt, 15% of babies

goodness of fit

match between baby’s temperament and their E

behavioral inhibition

how boldly/cautiously a child approaches new situations, 20% of kids, kids become overwhelmed by too many new things, by age 7 these kids are categorized as shy and as adults can be labeled socially anxious

trust and mistrust (erikson’s issues in infancy)

0-18 m.o., babies have to learn if E and caregiver are reliable to fulfill needs, want mostly positive (trust) but slight negative (mistrust), if resolved in the positive (trust) then you fulfill the virtue of trust

attachment patterns

affectionate relationship between baby and parent

secure attachment

majority of babies, cry when mom leaves and is happy when mom comes back

avoidant attachment

minority of babies, doesn’t cry when mom leaves and is indifferent when mom comes back

ambivalent attachment

10-15% babies, baby seems anxious before mom leaves and is upset, but seems to be both happy and detached when mom comes back

disorganized/disoriented attachment

10% babies, seems afraid and confused

temperament and attachment

easier attachment with easy temperament babies and vice versa, largely affects how parents feel about their parenting skills

stranger anxiety

7-9 m.o., baby’s weariness towards a stranger

seperation anxiety

7-9 m.o., infant’s distress when a caretaker leaves

long term effects of attachment

secure attachment babies are more empathetic, resilient, socially competent, and have better self esteem

mutual regulation model

both baby and parent are partners for reading each other’s emotions

social referencing

in new situations, a baby will look to their caretaker for how to respond

self concept (self awareness)

around 18 m.o., baby becomes aware that they exist, the rouge study with mirror

autonomy vs. shame/doubt (erikson)

18 m.o.-3 y.o., erikson saw terrrible 2s/”no” stage as a form of expressing autonomy, however having slight doubt is necessary, ie. touching hot stove

self regulation

control of one’s B to conform to social expectations, have to have self conscious emotions to have self regulation, ie. R to emotional wrongdoing

conscience (kochanska)

ideally a child would behave well even when parents aren’t there/watching, the three compliances/cooperations

situational compliance

child will behave well sometimes when parents are present, ie. claire and emma jumping on bed

committed compliance

wholehearted obedience of parents’ rules even when parents aren’t present, increases with age and for girls

receptive cooperation

willingness to cooperate (general attitude) rather than just following rules, secure attachment fosters this

gender differences

boys and girls are more similar than different, parents (esp. fathers) treat genders differently, gender typing defined as the process by which child learns gender differences

siblings

more positive than negative effect, babies largely prefer older sibling and wants their attention, strong connection

early child care

more than ½ moms with infants less than 1 y.o. choose to work, high quality daycare has positive impact on child D bc social aspect, average quality daycare shows worsened cognitive D, lowest SES kids benefit because the money parents got from working compensated for D issues from an average daycare and those issues aren’t present