Chemistry - Acid-Base Reactions

What is an acid according to the Arrhenius theory?

An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) when it dissolves in water.

What is a base according to the Arrhenius theory?

A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when it dissolves in water.

What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?

proton (H+) donor

What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?

proton (H+) acceptor

What are conjugate acid-base pairs?

When an acid loses a proton, it forms its conjugate base; when a base accepts a proton, it forms its conjugate acid.

What is a strong acid?

A strong acid ionizes completely in water to form a high concentration of H₃O⁺ ions.

Name three strong acids.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO₃), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

What is a weak acid?

A weak acid ionizes incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H₃O⁺ ions.

Name two examples of weak acids.

Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH), oxalic acid (C₂H₂O₄).

Strong bases

dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of OH- ions.

Weak bases

dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of OH- ions.

Name two strong bases.

Potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Concentrated acids/bases

Contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the volume of water.

Dilute acids/bases

Contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the volume of water.

What is an amphiprotic substance?

a substance that can act as either an acid or a base

Hydrolysis

the reaction of a salt with water.

equivalence point of a titration

The point at which the acid/base has

completely reacted with the base/acid.

Endpoint of a Titration

The point where the indicator changes colour.

Kw

The equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the ion product of water or the ionisation constant of water