Unit 5

Psychological Disorders

A syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Dysfunctional

Interference with normal day-to-day life.

Medical Model

Mental illness diagnosed based on symptoms and treated through therapy.

Diathesis-stress model

Concept combining genetic predisposition with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders.

Epigenetics

Study of how environments influence genetic expression.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used to describe disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Hyperactivity

Excessive movement and restlessness.

Impulsivity

Acting without thinking of the consequences.

Anxiety disorder

Marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.

Social Anxiety disorder

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations where judgment may occur.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Continual tension and unease without a specific cause.

Panic disorder

Experiencing sudden panic attacks and fear of their unpredictability.

Phobias

Intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Agoraphobia

Fear of social situations where escape might be difficult.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions).

Obsessive thoughts

Unwanted repetitive thoughts that seem never-ending.

Compulsive behaviors

Responses to obsessive thoughts.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Characterized by haunting memories and distress after a traumatic event.

Trauma-and stress-related disorders

Disorders following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

Survivor Resiliency

Recovering after severe stress.

Posttraumatic growth

Positive psychological changes following a traumatic event.

Stimulus generalization

Developing a fear of similar events after experiencing a fearful event.

Reinforcement

Maintaining learned fears and anxieties through avoidance.

Major depressive disorder

Experiencing 5 or more depressive symptoms for 2 weeks or more.

Persistent depressive disorder

Mildly depressed mood lasting more than 2 years with additional symptoms.

Bipolar disorder

Experiencing emotional extremes from mania to depression.

Mania

State of extreme optimism, talkativeness, and energy following depression.

Bipolar 1

A severe form of bipolar disorder with prolonged euphoric states.

Bipolar 2

A less severe form characterized by hypomania and depression.

Norepinephrine

Increases arousal and boosts mood, scarce during depression.

Serotonin

Hormone affecting mood regulation, often scarce during depression.

Rumination

Compulsive overthinking and worrying about problems.

Schizophrenia

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

Psychotic disorder

Marked by irrationality and lost contact with reality.

Positive behaviors

Inappropriate behaviors such as hallucinations and disorganized talk.

Negative behaviors

Absence of appropriate behaviors like emotion.

Hallucinations

Perceptions of things that do not exist outside the mind.

Delusions

False beliefs that distort reality.

Word Salad

Jumbled ideas that lack coherence.

Catatonia

Abnormal movements and behaviors.

Chronic schizophrenia

Slow-developing schizophrenia with prolonged symptoms and doubtful recovery.

Acute Schizophrenia

Rapid onset of symptoms following stress or trauma.

Impaired theory of mind

Difficulty interpreting others' mental states.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Distressing bodily symptoms without apparent physical causes.

Dissociative disorders

Conscious awareness separates from painful memories and feelings.

Fatigue state

Sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to stress.

Dissociative Identity disorder

Multiple distinct identities controlling a person's behavior.

Conversion disorder

Anxiety converted into physical symptoms incompatible with medical conditions.

Illness Anxiety disorder

Interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of disease.

Personality disorder

Inflexible behavior patterns impairing social functions.

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric)

A classification of personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Distrust and irrational suspicion of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Discomfort in relationships and eccentric behavior.

Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic)

A classification including antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for others' rights, impulsivity, and lack of remorse.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Grandiosity and need for admiration, lacking empathy.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in relationships and fear of abandonment.

Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful)

Includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Extreme social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need for care leading to submissive behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism.

Anorexia nervosa

Severe food restriction despite being underweight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by behaviors to counteract weight gain.

Psychotherapy

Therapy that uses psychological techniques to assist clients.

Biomedical therapy

Medications or procedures acting directly on physiology.

Eclectic

Using a blend of different therapeutic approaches.

Freud’s Psychoanalysis

Therapy involving free associations and interpretation to gain self insight.

Free Association

Encouragement to express thoughts without censorship.

Transferring

Patient's emotions linked to other relationships directed at the therapist.

Resistance

Blocking anxiety-laden material from consciousness.

Interpretation

Analyst's observation of significant behaviors to promote insight.

Psychodynamic therapy

Insights from unconscious forces and childhood experiences.

Insight therapies

Seek to enhance self insight from unconscious experiences.

Client-centered therapy

Non-directive approach where the client directs discussion.

Active listening

Listening with empathy, echoing, restating, and clarifying.

Unconditional positive regard

Acceptance and non-judgmental attitude fostering self-acceptance.

Behavior Therapy

Applying learning principles to eliminate unwanted behavior.

Counterconditioning

Using classical conditioning to create new responses to triggers.

Exposure therapies

Treating anxiety by exposing individuals to feared stimuli.

Systematic desensitization

Associating relaxed states with increasing anxiety stimuli.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

Using simulations to face fears safely.

Aversive conditioning

Creating negative responses to harmful stimuli.

Behavior Modification

Reinforcing desirable behaviors and addressing undesirable ones.

Token economy

System where tokens are earned for desired behaviors.

Cognitive therapies

Teaching more adaptive thinking patterns to change emotions.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Challenging illogical self-defeating attitudes.

Self-inoculation training

Restructuring thought patterns to combat negativity.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral therapy techniques.

Group therapy

Therapy conducted in groups, providing interpersonal interaction benefits.

Catastrophizing

Relentless overgeneralization and self-blame.

Dialectal behavior therapy

Targets harmful behaviors and suicidal tendencies.

Meta-analysis

Statistical procedure combining conclusions from multiple studies.

Effort Justification

Placing higher value on goals after exerting effort to achieve them.

Evidence-based practice

Integrating research and patient preferences into clinical decisions.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Therapy involving discussing trauma while engaging in eye movements.

Light Exposure therapy

Using light exposure to reduce mood disorders.

Therapeutic alliance

Emotional bond between therapist and client.