Energy Requirements over Time & Sources of Micro/Macro Nutrients

Energy use is first dedicated to _______ then to the ______ system

Maitenance, immune

What is the chemical composition of a protein? What is it made of?

COOH + NH2; 20 amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Peptides are made of _____ to ______ amino acids

2-72

Proteins are able to be stored if in excess and can be used for gluconeogenesis True/False

False, cannot be stored

What body parts do proteins serve as the primary constituent?

Lean body organs & soft tissue

Protein requirements are specific to species, age & disease True/False

True

What species only requires 2% less protein after maturation?

Cats

How many amino acids must be obtained in the diet?

8-12

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine

Biological value is measure by the ratio of?

Retained to absorbed nitrogen

How is biological value influenced?

Essential amino acid content of the protein

Processing of proteins will (increase/decrease) digestibility and quality

Decrease

Give 4 examples of feedstuffs that contain non-protein nitrogen & can distort estimate

Ammonia, urea, nitrates/nitrites, purines/pyrimidines

What non-protein nitrogen is toxic to animals?

Melamine

Unabsorbed amino acids can increase ______ ____ and serve as substrate for bacterial __________

Fecal odor, fermentation

Name the most inefficient use of animo acids

Deamination

Crude protein can be divided into what 2 categories?

Degradable & non-degradable intake protein

What amino acid is essential to cats & is only found free in the body?

Taurine

What are 2 organ systems affected by taurine deficiency?

CNS, Cardiovascular

What 3 supplemental protein ounces can be used for ruminants?

Soybean & feather meal, dehydrated alfalfa

What amino acid will increase milk production?

Methionine

As an animal ages, protein _____ decreases so AA requirements decrease

Protein accretion

Cats are sensitive to deficiencies in _____ that is key to the urea cycle

Arginine

Antioxidant production requires amino acids such as _______ & ________ used in the TCA cycle

Glutamine, glutamate

Gastric secretion can be affected by this macro mineral:

Chlorine

Where is calcium sourced in forage diets?

Stems, leaves

Calcium deficiency can present as _____ ____, lethargy, weak bones, or ____ ______

Milk fever, poor growth

What are four important responsibilities of phosphorous?

Cell membrane integrity, muscle contraction, bone formation, and appetite

Deficiencies in phosphorous can be seen in slow growth rates, lethargy, and poor __________

Poor fertility

What macromineral is critical for metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins along with nerve conduction and muscle contraction?

Magnesium

Increase in potassium, calcium, phosphorous and organic acids can lead to ______ _______ from decreased ability to absorb magnesium

Grass tetany

What macromineral is essential for plant growth and deficiencies can lead to pica & anorexia?

Potassium

What macromineral, when deficient, will lead to reduced wool production & lack of crimp in sheep?

Sulphur

Decreased libido in males can be traced to deficiencies in _______ that is stored in the bone

Zinc

What is the ideal calcium:phosphorous ratio?

2:1

What micromineral is essential for carbohydrate, lipid & protein metabolism along with improving immune function?

Chromium

What micromineral is the precursor for B12 in ruminants?

Cobalt

Describe pastures that may be cobalt deficient

Coastal, calcium rich, sandy, lime & lush pastures

What micromineral is essential for wool growth?

Copper

Which forage will contain more Copper: Grass, Clover?

Grass

Copper deficiency can be observed when pigmentation of the hair _________

Reduces (black to red)

Which feedstuff will contain more copper: Grass, Hay, Clover, Grain

Grain

Copper availability can be decreased by the consumption of large amounts of the macromineral(s):

Sulphur, zinc, iron, calcium

What is the main factor linked to copper deficiency?

Excess molybdenum