Human Growth and Development Final Exam Review

Your cohort would include your

schoolmates

Two-year-old Sydney has not started talking yet, often cries when her mother leaves the room, and did not take her first steps until she was 18 months old. Which developmental domains should her parents be concerned with?

All answers are correct (psychosocial, cognitive, and physical)

Cohort differences are primarily due to

experiences affecting a generation

Professor Sanchez is passing out peer evaluations to a group of preschool children. Each child can choose a smiley face, a neutral face, or a frowny face to describe their classmates. Which developmental domain is Professor Sanchez most interested in?

psychosocial

Developmental researchers refer to typical events that happen at an atypical time, or atypical events, as ________ events.

nonnormative

Two important learning theories are ________ and ________.

social learning theory; behaviorism

Ann’s mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed. Ann’s bed-making behavior is likely to be

decreased.

One commonly used type of written interview is a

questionnaire.

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the ________ perspective.

cognitive

A researcher studies the relationship between family income and achievement motivation. A correlation of +1.20 is found. From this, the researcher can conclude that

an error was made in calculating the correlation.

During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop?

embryonic

According to your text, complex normal behavior is the result of

polygenic inheritance.

The type of genetic-environment correlation in which children with differinggenetic makeups evoke different responses from adults that strengthen eachchild’s genetic inclinations is called

a reactive correlation.

Lisa is concerned because she is 8 months pregnant and has just contracted rubella. Which birth defect is likely to be present in her child as a consequence?

No birth defects are made more likely.

Rubella has the greatest potential for damage when it is contracted during which period of a pregnancy?

first 10weeks

With respect to genotype, the process of niche-picking

is an active genotype-environment correlation.

Which of the following influences the likelihood that a teratogen will cause a birth defect?

All answer choices are correct (timing of exposure, dose, duration).

A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm is called

meiosis.

Genetic action that triggers the growth of the body and brain is often regulated by

hormonal levels.

A statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population is referred to as

heritability.

According to the text, approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy?

300–500

Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two ________ alleles, one from each parent.

recessive

Marco’s parents both have brown eyes, but Marco’s eyes are blue. Marco’s eyes are the result of

recessive inheritance.

Karen was adopted when she was 1 year old. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her

biological mother.

Which of the following is posited by Eleanor Gibson and James J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception?

Learning is an outcome of both perceptionand action.

A physical description of “chubby; potbellied; large head relative to body size” most likely describes a child of what age?

1 year old

Babies first wave their arms, then move their hands toward objects, and finally use their fingers. This is an example of which principle of development?

proximodistal

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors mentioned in the textbook that has contributed to children in Western industrialized nations growing taller and maturing sexually at an earlier age?

hormonal change

HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT

feeding methods.

Based on research using operant conditioning techniques with infants, what appears to be different between infant and adult memories?

the duration of the memory and the need for context

According to your text, what is the most effective use of developmental tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

to identify potential neurological deficits or emotional disturbances

Prior to having her new baby, Kelsey had one infant who died of SIDS, and she suffers unresolved feelings of loss. Kelsey’s new baby is more likely to develop a(n)

disorganized attachment.

The ability of both infants and caregivers to respond appropriately to the signals about each other’s emotional states is known as

mutual regulation.

Which of the following cultural values is associated with higher rates of child maltreatment?

rigid gender roles

Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar score?

Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying.

The rate of growth is most rapid during

infancy.

Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended exclusively for at least the first ________ months by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

6

HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT

number of children in the family.

Geoff knows he is supposed to wait until after dinner to eat a cookie, but when his mother goes upstairs he sneaks into the kitchen and grabs one. Later that night Geoff feels bad and tells his mom what he did. Apparently, Geoff is developing

a conscience.

Fathers in which culture are more likely to provide direct infant care?

Aka of Central Africa

Melissa really wants a cookie, but knows she is not supposed to take one; instead, she begins to sing her favorite song to herself. Melissa has developed

attentional regulation.

In evaluating private speech, _____ believed it represents egocentrism. _____ thought it was part of the learning process.

Piaget; Vygotsky

Natasha is 5 years old. She is probably in which of Piaget’s stages?

preoperational

Brittany, at age 5, is thinner than she was a year ago; she has gained only 4 pounds even though she has grown 2 inches. Which of the following statements is probably TRUE?

Her growth pattern is normal for her age.

Vygotsky saw private speech as

a way that children converse with themselves.

Recognition is

better developed than recall in early childhood.

Tommy Jon knocks over another child while running to the street to see a circus parade. Tommy Jon is displaying

instrumental aggression.

Sophia has put on her mother’s high heels and wrapped a scarf around her neck. She has announced to the family that her performance will begin shortly. Sophia is engaged in

dramatic play.

Rich spends a considerable amount of his playtime making things out of blocks, coloring and painting, and making art projects. Rich is engaged in ________ play.

constructive

A high level of solitary play may indicate that a child has

a high levelof maturity and may just prefer to play alone.

If punishment is used, it should be

consistent, immediate, and clearly tied to the offense.

Five-year-old Mike has had an exciting evening opening birthday presents. He has just gone to bed 2 hours later than normal and has recently eaten a lot of cake and ice cream. Which of the following problems is Mike at risk for during the night?

nightmares

Early scaffolding practices by parents resulted in children who several years later were

more independent in their cognitive and social skills.

Young children involved in pretend play are demonstrating

symbolic function.

Corrine is struggling with a difficult math problem and is talking to herself and muttering out loud. Corrine’s behavior is an example of

private speech.

Frankie is a second-born son in a family of four. Frankie’s gender development will likely

become more like his older brother’s.

Research on corporal punishment indicates that it

is counterproductive and should be avoided.

________ punishment will be consistent, immediate, and related to the offense.

Effective

Generalizing from the text, which of the following children would probably be the tallest during middle childhood?

an African American girl

The following descriptions of school-age children's abilities are true EXCEPT that

the ability to estimate does not change significantly during middle childhood.

Most children in the United States who speak a second language use

Spanish.

Children who have higher BMIs, hypertension, and glucose intolerance have

a higher risk of premature death.

Tommy and Raul are rolling around on the ground in what looks like a wrestling match, but both boys are laughing and having fun. The boys are engaged in

rough-and-tumble play.

Which of the following situations is most likely to produce harmful outcomes for a child?

parental divorce

All of the following have significant effects on determining sibling roles and relationships EXCEPT

family income.

According to research on resilient children, which of the following were NOT found to be a protective factor?

hired tutors

Worldwide, ________ percent of children and adolescents have some form of mental disorder.

13.4

According to one study, girls value which aspect(s) of friendships?

closeness

During the school years, the social use of language, or ________, develops.

pragmatics

The saying “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” is an example of

a mnemonic.

Which statement about IQ tests is FALSE?

They are excellent predictors of school performance.

Overall, the volume of the cortex

peaks in late childhood to early adolescence.

Under current federal law, when possible, children with disabilities must be educated

in regular classrooms

What is true about the link between video game playing and violence?

Most researchers believe there is a link between the two.

There are children in the classroom who worry about just about everything: grades, being on time, threats of war, tornados, etc. These children may suffer from

generalized anxiety disorder.

Children of ________ parents tend to be more popular than those whose parents use other styles.

warm and supportive

Parents who continue to use physical punishment after age 10 tend to have children who are

likely to have poor relationships with their parents as they approach adolescence.

According to research, which of the following is true of stepfamilies, or blended families?

Mixed loyalties can cause stress.

Which person is at greatest likelihood for engaging in risky sexual behaviors?

early-developing girl in a mixed-gender school

Since 2011, there has been a drop in adolescents’ overall use of drugs. The exception to this is an increase in the use of

marijuana.

At what age would you expect an average American girl to begin experiencing the changes that herald puberty?

8

Ron has internalized the moral standards of his parents and grandparents. He is concerned with being considered a good son and maintaining the social order. According to Kohlberg, Ron is in the stage of

conventional morality.

According to the text, approximately what percentage of adolescent girls reported using a condom during the first time they had sex?

slightly over 80 percent

Teenagers are likely to have positive attitudes toward safe sexual practices if they

talk to parents about sex.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major issues Erikson believed young people must resolve in search of an identity?

relationships

Virginia is not too happy with many of the decisions that her parents make regarding her life, but she has a good relationship with her parents and follows their lead. Virginia is likely to develop

All answer choices are correct (adaptive self-regulation, higher self-esteem, good academic engagement).

The typical anorexic is most likely to be

depressed.

With formal thought, adolescents are able to

All answer choices are correct ( think about and test relationships systematically, love or hate concepts like exploitation or freedom, better appreciate the hidden messages in metaphor and allegory).

At age 18, Terri is 25 percent under weight and has stopped menstruating. However, she is afraid of becoming fat. She is also overactive and obsessed with food. She is probably

anorexic.

Most adolescents function at which of Kohlberg's levels of morality?

morality of conventional role conformity

Which of the following is/are LEAST important to whether a high school is a good school?

the latest high-tech teaching equipment

What was a weakness of the original model of studying and assessing parenting styles?

It was largely unidirectional.

Teenagers generally get their information about sex from

All answer choices are correct (parents, media, friends) .

Ashley believes that abortion is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue but has simply accepted this view as her own. According to Marcia, what is her identity status?

foreclosure

Cultural socialization refers to ________ that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural traditions, and promote ethics and racial pride.

All answer choices are correct (school practices, community practices, parental practices).

When teenagers get their sex education from the media they

are less likely to guard against the risks of unprotected sex.

Gilligan holds that women’s morality is based on

responsibility.

Active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities, and roles is called

social integration.

The most common cause of male infertility is

too few sperm.

Carmine is always willing to try new things. At dinner last night she sampled three new kinds of sushi. According to the five-factor model, Carmine would be described as

open to experience.