HTH 100 Exam Two

James Madison University, Dr. Sutton HTH 100 Review for Exam Two

Addiction

Treatable Chronic disease characterized by a compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance despite ongoing negative consequences. Classified as a mental disorder

Physiological dependence

Adaptive state of brain and body process that occurs with regular addictive behavior. Two characteristics are that tolerance develops and withdraws symptoms occur

Psychological Dependence

Dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior, which can lead to psychological withdrawal; symptoms such as anxiety, irritability or cravings.

Compulsion

Preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it.

Loss of control

Inability to predict reliably whether a particular instance of involvement with an addictive substance or behavior will be healthy or damaging.

Negative Consequences

Physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, family dissolution, and other severe problems that do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior.

Denial

Inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior.

Inability to abstain

Failure to avoid drug use over a sustained period of time.

Psychoactive Drugs

Can alter mood or behavior by acting on neurotransmitters In the brain

What circuit do addicting drugs activate?

Pleasure

How many perception drugs are sold in the U.S.

10,000

How many OTC drugs are available?

100,000

Oral Ingestion

Taken by mouth

InHalation

Sniffed, smoked or inhaled

Injection

Administered either Intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously (piercing skin)

Transdermal (Inunction)

Absorbed through the skin, vagina, or anus (suppositories)

What is the most common route of administration of a drug

Oral

What is the fastest route to the brain

Inhalation

What is the second fastest route to the brain

Intravenous injection

Polydrug use

Where several substances are taken simultaneously

Synergism (potentiation)

Where the effects of two or more drugs are multiplied beyond what is expected if each were taken alone

Inhibition

Where the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug

Cross-tolerance

Where tolerance to one drug transfers to a second drug

Drug Misuse

involves using a drug for a purpose other than that for which it was intended

Drug Abuse

is the excessive use of any drug and may cause serious harm

Schedule 1

Drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Most dangerous drugs of al the drug schedules.

Examples of Schedule 1 Drugs

Heroin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Marijuana, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), Methaqualone, Peyote

Schedule 2

Drugs with a high potential for Abus with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. Considered Dangerous

Example of Schedule 2 Drugs

Cocaine, Methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone(Dilaudid), Meridine (Demerol), Oxycodone (OxyContin), Fentanyl,Dexedrine, Adderall, Ritalin

Schedule 3

Drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Abuse potential is less than 1 and 2 but more than 4

Schedule 3 Drug Examples

Products containing less than 90mg of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol and codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, Testostrerone

Schedule 4

Drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.

Schedule 4 Drug Examples

Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Tallinn, Ambien, Tramadol

Schedule 5

Drugs with lower potential for abuse than Schedule 4 and consist of preparation containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes

Schedule 5 Drug Examples

Cough preparations with less than 200 mg of codeine per 100 ml (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, and Parepectolin

Stimulant drug examples

Cocaine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate

Cannabis Drug Examples

Marijuana, Hashish, insomnia hashish oil

Narcotics (Opioids)

Herion, Morphine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, oxycodone, Codeine

Depressant Drugs

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, Benzodiazepines

Hallucinogen drugs

Methylene dioxymeth amphetamine (MDMA), analogs, LSD, Phencyclidine, analogs

Inhalants drugs

Amyl and butyl nitrite, and nitrous oxide

Anabolic Steroid drugs

Testosterone

ADHD medications

Adderall, Concerta, Vyvanse

What is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the U.S.

caffeine

Caffeine

Made from xanthines, mild CNS stimulant

Cannabis: Marijuana, Hashish, Hash Oil

Active Ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) psychoactive substance.

Narcotics: Opiates/Opioids

Powerful depressants of the CNS. Derived from Opium, the dark resinous substance made from the juice of the opium poppy.

Synthetic Opiates

Percodan, Demerol, and Dilaudid

Fentanyl

Potent Synthetic opioid drug approved by the FDA use as an analgesic (pain relief) and anesthetic. 100 times more potent than morphine and 50 times more potent than Heroin.

Methadone

synthetic narcotic that blocks the effects of opiate withdrawal

Depressants: Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

Sedative drugs, promote mental calmness. Sedative depress the CNS.

Rohypnol

“Date rap” drug

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

Mind altering drugs that affect the Brian and nervous system and bring about changes in thought, self- awareness, emotion and sensation.

Synesthesia

Occurs when sensory messages are mixed

Mescaline

Derived from the peyote cactus. CNS stimulant

Psilocybin

Known as the “magic mushroom”

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Synthetic substance that was originally developed as an anesthetic

Club Drugs or Designer Drugs

Ecstasy, Bath salts can produce hallucination, and dangerous increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

Steroids

Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. Two forms: Injectable solutions and pills

Detoxification

Early abstinence period, during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively.

Which Gender has higher cigarette smoking rates in the U.S.

Males

Social Smoking

Those who smoke when they are with people rather than alone.

Nicotine

Chemical stimulant and is highly addictive

Tar

Condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs.

Phenols

Chemical irritants in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to the development of lung cancer

Carbon Monoxide

Gas found in cigarette smoke; it binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood.

What is the largest determinant of CO levels in the blood?

Tobacco Smoking

What type of cigarettes have higher carbon monoxide concentrations than regular cigarettes

Menthol Cigarettes

What type of user are three times as likely to become smokers within 1 year

E-Cigarette

1 Juul Pod is equal to…

20 Cigarettes

Leukoplakia

Thick white patches on the inside surfaces of your mouth,

Chronic bronchitis

A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the lungs become inflamed and excess mucus

Emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air sacs in the lungs are permanently destroyed. No known cure and damage is irreversible

Effects of Smoking on Lungs

Increases Respiratory rate

Effects of Smoking on Heart and Blood vessels

Contracts blood vessels, Increases pulse and blood pressure

Smoking effects on Endocrine System

Increases blood sugar levels, increases production of adrenaline

Effects of Smoking on the Stomach

Suppresses Appetite

Effects of Smoking on the Nervous system

Addiction and nicotine craving

Effects of smoking on the Mouth

Increased risk of gum disease, risk of cancers of the oral cavity, throat and larynx, and stained teeth

Effects of smoking on the Respiratory System

Increased susceptibly to colds, flu, pneumonia, and asthma, great increased risk of lung cancer, and other lung disease

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular system

Increased risk of stroke, increased risk of hear disease, atherosclerosis

Effects of smoking of the Reproductive system

Increased risk of impotence, infertile, and preggo women: miscarriage, and low birth weight babies

Benzopyrene

Chemical found In tobacco smoke, causes mutation in lung cells that are indntical to those found in many patents with lung cancer

Smoking during pregnancy

Leads to approximately 30 percent of premature births, increases the risk of low birth weight.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Responsible for 3,400 lung cancer deaths, 46,000 coronary and heart deaths, and higher risk of deaths in newborns.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke and congenital defects

How many chambers does the heart have

Four

Where is blood collected

The upper chambers, the atria, from the rest of the body.

What Pumps out the blood again.

The two lower chambers, the ventricles

Atherosclerosis

is a disease in which fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste produces, calcium, and fibrin build up within arteries and clog them.

Coronary Heart disease (CHD)

Kills 16 percent of all Americans. includes new, recurrent heart attacks and silent heart attacks.

Stroke

Known as a cerebrovascular accident, occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, legs, or in the arms

Hyperlipidemia

An abnormally high blood lipid level

Plaque

Buildup of deposits in the arteries

Myocardial infraction (MI), or heart attack

The blood supply to the heart is disrupted.

Coronary Thrombosis

Caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery

Embolus

Occurs when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system

Collateral circulation

An alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor