anatomy exam 1

The Digestive System organs

-Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas etc.

skeletal system organs

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

digestive system function

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

integumentary system organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat gland, sebaceous gland

integumentary system functions

protection, cushion, sensory receptors help in homeostasis, temp regulation, makes vit D precursor

Muscular system function

movement, pumps blood, movement of food air, blood flow

muscular system organs

skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

nervous system organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs

nervous system function

fast, control system

endocrine system organs

-Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland

endocrine system function

produces hormones, slow control system

cardiovascular system organs

heart, blood vessels

cardiovascular system function

pumps blood, provide immunity, helps in clot formation, maintains blood pressure

lymphatic system organs

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

lymphatic system function

returns lost fluid from tissue space, provides immunity, specialized lymphatic capillaries help in fat absorption

respiratory system organs

lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, diaphragm

respiratory system function

gas exchange, acid base balance

urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system function

removal of nitrogenous waste materials, maintain acid balance, electrolyte balance, water balance, renin, erythropoietin

male reproductive system organs

testies, prostate, seminal gland, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

female reproductive system organs

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vestibular gland

reproductive system function

production of offspring to maintain species level

anatomy

body structure

physiology

body function

gross anatomy

regional, systemic, surface

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

6 levels of organization

chemicals, molecule, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems

functions of life

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

requirements for human life

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

components of homeostasis mechanism

stimulus - receptors -(afferent pathway)- control center - (efferent pathway)- effectors - bring response

negative feedback loop

response opposes the stimulus

positive feedback loop

response reinforces the stimulus; ex. childbirth

sagittal

divides body into left and right

frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back

medial

midline

lateral

away from midline

superficial

surface

deep

away from the surface

proximal

toward trunk ; limbs

distal

away from trunk; limbs

superior

toward the head

inferior

towards the feet

serous membrane

covers body cavities

layers of serous membrane

parietal and visceral

structure of plasma membrane

double phospholipid layer. -hydrophilic heads(towards water), -hydrophobic tails(away from water)

function of plasma membrane

to regulate what goes into and out of the cell

6 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

channel proteins, carrier protein, enzyme protein, receptor protein, cell recognition protein, junctional protein

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

diffusion

movement of solute; passive

osmosis

movement of water ; passive

hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

vesicular (bulk) transport

movement of substances into and out of the cell by vesicles

endocytosis

bring substance inside of cell

types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

exocytosis

bring substance outside of cell; release of protein insulin from pancreatic cell

membrane bound organelles

nucleus, rough er, smooth er, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria

ribosomes

protein synthesis

Rough ER

modifies proteins

smooth er

synthesizes phospholipids, cholesterol and steroid hormones

Golgi apparatus

sorts, pack and send proteins to final destination

lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes, destroys toxins, digest damaged or dying organelles, induces apoptosis in damaged cell

mitochondria

formation of ATP synthesis

peroxisomes

lipid metabolism, independent organelle, detoxify substances

cytoskeleton

bones of cell

cytoskeleton fibers

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

centrioles

made up of 9 microtubule triplet, helps in cell division, organize spindle fibers in centrosome to attach to chromosomes

nucleus

protects DNA and isolates, nucleolus makes ribosomal units

DNA replication

unwinding, complementary base pairing, joining

epithelial tissue

mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane, serous membrane

mucous membrane

lining surface of GIT, exposed to exterior

cutaneous membrane

dry, stratified squamos, areolar ct and dense irregular ct

serous membrane

not exposed to outside, mesothelium, areolar CT, covers chest cavity

Simple Squamos Epithelium location

kidney glomeruli

simple cuboidal epithelium location

kidney tubules

simple columnar epithelium location

noncilitated: GIT cilitated: uterine tube

pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

cilitated: trachea noncilitated: epididymis

stratified squamous epithelium location

lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

stratified cuboidal epithelium loction

sweat glands, salviary glands, mammary glands

stratified columnar location

male urethra

transitional epithelium location

lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

exocrine gland (has duct)

merocrine secretion, apocrine secretion, holocrine secretion

exocrine gland

sweat gland, salivary gland, sebaceous gland, lacrimal gland, ceruminory gland

endocrine glands

pituitary and thyroid glad - release hormones

connective tissue characteristics

mesenchyme cell, extra cellular matrix, shows variability

functions of connective tissue

binds structures, storage, protection, cushioning and insolation, transport

adipose tissue

breast, hypodermis

reticular connective tissue

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

dermis and capsules

dense elastic connective tissue

aorta, large arteries

elastic cartilage

auricle/pinna, epiglottis

hyaline cartilage

nasal, trachea, articular, costal, larnyx cartilage