Organic Chemistry: Hybridization, Bonding, and Isomerism in Hydrocarbons

What are the two basic types of orbitals resulting from combining atomic orbitals?

Hybrid orbitals and molecular orbitals.

What is the shape of methane (CH4)?

Tetrahedral.

What is the H-C-H bond angle in methane?

109.5 degrees.

What type of orbitals does carbon use to bond with hydrogen in methane?

sp3 orbitals.

What process occurs when carbon bonds to hydrogen in methane?

Hybridization of the 2s and 2p orbitals.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

What type of bonds do alkanes contain?

Only sigma bonds (single bonds).

What is the geometry of sp3 hybridized carbon?

Tetrahedral.

What is the ideal angle between sp2 hybrid orbitals?

120 degrees.

What type of bond is formed by the head-to-head overlap of orbitals?

Sigma bond.

What type of bond is formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals?

Pi bond.

What is the geometry of sp hybridized carbon?

Linear.

What is the ideal angle between sp hybrid orbitals?

180 degrees.

What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

Alkenes contain at least one pi bond.

What is the simplest alkene?

Ethene (ethylene).

What is the general formula for linear monoalkenes?

CnH2n.

What is the difference in stability between sigma and pi bonds?

Sigma bonds are stronger and shorter, while pi bonds are weaker and longer.

What happens to the p orbital during sp2 hybridization?

It remains unhybridized.

What is the molecular geometry of hydrocarbons with triple bonds?

Linear geometry.

What is the ideal angle between sp2 orbitals and the unhybridized p orbital?

90 degrees.

What is the hybridization of carbon in alkenes?

sp2 hybridization.

What are hydrocarbons?

Substances containing only carbon and hydrogen.

What is the shape of the carbon atom in a trigonal planar arrangement?

An equilateral triangle.

What is the significance of VSEPR theory in molecular geometry?

It explains the arrangement of orbitals to minimize repulsion.

What type of overlap occurs in the formation of sigma bonds?

Head-to-head overlap.

What is the hybridization of carbon in alkynes?

sp hybridization.

What is the bond angle in sp3 hybridized carbon?

109.5 degrees.

What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes?

Saturated hydrocarbons.

What type of hydrocarbons are alkenes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.

What type of hydrocarbons are alkynes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond.

What type of bond is formed in alkynes?

A triple bond composed of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

What is the ideal bond angle for sp hybridized atoms?

180 degrees.

What is the geometry of sp hybridized atoms?

Linear.

How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?

Five valence electrons.

What is the hybridization of nitrogen in ammonia (NH3)?

sp3 hybridization.

What is the geometry of ammonia?

Tetrahedral with a distorted angle due to lone pairs.

What is the hybridization of oxygen in water (H2O)?

sp3 hybridization.

What is the geometry of sp3 hybridized oxygen in water?

Bent or angular due to two lone pairs.

What hybridization do nitrogen and oxygen share in sp2 compounds?

sp2 hybridization.

What is the bond angle in sp2 hybridized compounds?

Approximately 120 degrees.

What is the geometry of sp2 hybridized nitrogen and oxygen?

Trigonal planar.

What type of bond is formed in ethylene (C2H4)?

A double bond composed of one sigma bond and one pi bond.

What is the hybridization of carbon in ethylene?

sp2 hybridization.

What is the hybridization of carbon in acetylene (C2H2)?

sp hybridization.

What is the bond angle for sp hybridized carbon in acetylene?

180 degrees.

What is the hybridization of carbon in acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)?

sp2 hybridization for the carbonyl carbon and sp3 for the methyl carbon.

What is the bond angle around sp2 hybridized carbon?

Approximately 120 degrees.

What is the hybridization of nitrogen in [CH2NH2]+?

sp2 hybridization.

What is the significance of resonance in hybridization?

Resonance structures can suggest different hybridizations, but the real molecule has consistent bond angles.

What are constitutional isomers?

Isomers that have the same chemical formula but different bonding sequences.

What are stereoisomers?

Compounds with the same bonding order but different spatial arrangements.

What are geometric isomers?

Stereoisomers that differ in orientation around a double bond.

What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?

Cis isomers have substituents on the same side, while trans isomers have them on opposite sides.

What type of bond allows free rotation?

Single (sigma) bonds.

What restricts rotation in double bonds?

The presence of pi bonds.

What is the hybridization of oxygen in carbonyl groups?

sp2 hybridization.

What is the bond character of C=O and C-N in resonance structures?

They exhibit double bond character.

What is the hybridization of nitrogen in amides?

sp2 hybridization.

What is the effect of lone pairs on bond angles in sp3 hybridized atoms?

They distort the ideal tetrahedral angle.