12ATAR Psychology: Motivation and Wellbeing

sources of motivation

• physiological

• cognitive

• emotions

• social

physiological

source of motivation necessary for survival like thirst, hunger and survival.

cognitions

motivation derived from intellectual challenges because of intrinsic satisfaction and the drive to satisfy curiosity. e.g. personal values, goals and expectations.

emotional

can stem from trying to avoid pain and from seeking happiness e.g. fear, happiness and anger

social

the need to be with and approved by other people can drive people to develop social relationships and belong to groups. e.g. peer pressure, conforming to societal norms and receiving approval from others

extrinsic motivation

motivation that is driven by external factors, such as rewards or pressures separate from the activity itself.

intrinsic motivation

driven by internal factors that provide inherent satisfaction or enjoyment from doing the activity/task.

amotivation

when an individual is completely non-autonomous, struggling to meet their needs.

three basic needs by Deci and Ryan

1. autonomy

2. competence

3. relatedness

autonomy

the need to feel in control of one’s own actions

competence

the need to feel capable and effective in one’s actions

relatedness

feeling connected to significant other or sharing a bond with those who matter to you.

self-actualisation

process of attaining one’s full potential

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1. physiological needs

2. safety needs

3. love and belongingness

4. esteem needs

5. self-actualisation needs

deficiency needs

needs that are concerned with basic survival and include physiological needs such as food, sex, sleep and safety needs such as security and freedom from danger.

growth needs

psychological needs that are associated with realising an individual’s full potential and needing to self-actualise. stem from a desire to grow as a person

maslow’s expanded hierarchy of needs

1. transcendence

2. self-actualisation

3. aesthetic needs

4. cognitive needs

5. esteem needs

6. love and belonging needs

7. safety needs

8. physiological needs

transcendence

person is motivated by values that transcend personal self. they represent the human desire to connect with higher reality, purpose or the universe.

cognitive needs

driven by pursuit of knowledge and understanding, fulfilling these needs satisfies personal growth and leads to deeper understanding of complexity of life

aesthetic needs

appreciation and search for beauty, fulfilling these needs leads to deeper sense of satisfaction and harmony

wellbeing

feeling happy and content in one’s life

affective balance

refers to the positive and negative emotions you have experienced in your life. Positive emotions should outweigh negative emotions to have healthy wellbeing

life satisfaction

your overall judgement about your job, relationships and life achievements

psychological wellbeing

encompasses broader dimensions of psychological functioning and reflects assessment of mental health and wellbeing

subjective wellbeing

focuses on an individual’s personal evaluation of their life satisfaction and emotional experiences and emphasises subjective perceptions and feelings

Ryff 1989

six factor model of psychological wellbeing

Deci and Ryan 1985

self-determination theory

Maslow 1954

hierarchy of needs

Diener 1984

model of subjective wellbeing

Ryff’s Six Categories of Wellbeing

1. self-acceptance

2. personal growth

3. purpose in life

4. autonomy

5. environmental mastery

6. positive relations with others

ryff - self acceptance

can either be high or low and it refers to the attitude someone has toward themself

ryff - personal growth

can be strong or weak and refers to a feeling of either continued development or personal stagnation

ryff - purpose in life

can have strong purpose or weak purpose and refers to the life goals and direction in life, meaning found in living

ryff - positive relations with others

capable of strong or weak relations with others, can be warm and trusting with others or isolated and frustrated in relationships.

ryff - environmental mastery

can be high or low, can either make effective use of surrounding opportunities or someone is unable to change their surroundings

ryff - autonomy

can be high or low autonomy, high would make you self-determining and independent, low would make you rely on others for judgement and more likely to conform to social pressures.

motivation

conscious or unconscious drive leading the behaviours that individuals, initiate, direct and maintain.