Land - Based Empires

Test Monday 11/25

Gunpowder Empires in 1450 -1750

• Ottoman Empire

• Safavid Empire

• Mughal Empire

Similarities of Gunpowder Empires

• Descended from Turkic Nomads with a Turkic language

• Rise due to power vacuum left by Mongol khanates

• Used gunpowder weapons

• Islamic government that ruled religiously diverse areas

Janissaries

Elite soldiers known for their skills with siege weapons and their fierce loyalty to the sultan and to the Empire.

How did the Ottomans keep its diverse (religious and ethnic) population under the control of one government?

• Millet System - residents of non-Muslim religions were divided into religious communities with their own religious leaders

  • Had to pay taxes and pledge allegiance to Sultan

• Janissary System - Christians were forced to serve the Ottoman Empire

Abkar the Great’s Religious Policies

• Religiously Tolerant

• Divine Faith - Syncretism of native Hindu and Islamic beliefs

Safavid Empire’s Islamic Sect

Shi’a (Shiite)

Ottoman Empire’s Islamic Sect

Sunni

The Downfall of the Ming Dynasty

• Pirates raided port cities

• Famines and Peasant Revolts

• Europeans began to seek out territory in East Asia

Queue

The hairstyle worn by people of the Manchu dynasty.

***Symbolic of how Manchus forced cultural aspects onto the Chinese

Characteristic of the Manchu Dynasty

• Foreign Led - descended from the Jurchen people

• Largest Chinese Empire

• Expansion

• Adopted China’s institutions and policies

• Filled bureaucracy with Ethnic Manchus

Legitamacy

The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or regime.

The Japanese Feudalism System

• Shoguns control the Japanese government while the emperor serves as a symbolic ruler

• Feudal lands were led by daimyo soldiers

National Seclusion Policy

Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited most foreigners from visiting Japan - Lasted for 200 years.

The Significance of Shinto

Shinto was an indigenous Japanese nature religion that united Japan under Tokugawa’s rule.

Causes of Protestant Reformation

Mainly corruption in the Catholic Church such as Indulgences.

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• Creation of Protestant Faiths

• Religious Conflict

• Reformation in Catholicism

Thirty Year’s War

Conflict between Catholic and Lutheran states within the Holy Roman Empire that led to a massive, brutal, and destructive war.

Effects of The Thirty Year’s War

• Death, famine, and disease in Central Europe

• German States became divided, and Prussia arose to become a dominant military force

• Rulers of Kingdoms forced their religion onto their people

Absolutism

A system of government in which a king or queen had absolute power over their kingdoms and the lives of their people.

Louis XIV Power Centralization

• Kept nobles happy by living in the Palace of Versailles and close by decreasing their power

• Used divine right to legitimatize his rule

• Bureaucracy was utilized to collect taxes and execute orders from the French gov’t

  ***Louis XIV is a BIG example of absolutsim

Enlightened Monarchs

Monarchs who distinguished themselves from ordinary rulers by claiming to rule their subjects’ well - being

Henry VIII and Protestant Reformation

After a marriage dispute, King Henry VIII broke away from the Pope and Catholic Church and created the Anglican Church (Church of England).

Peter the Great’s Main Goals

Westernization and Southernization - He wanted to open up isolated Russia for trade and wanted to be more like western Europe.

How did civilizations utilize their belief systems in their political systems?

• Used divine right to legitimize and increase power in their rule

• Required one belief system for their state in order for more centralization

• Millets - Religious communities were created to prevent rebellion

• Leaders often appointed other leaders of the same religion to work for them

The Importance of Gunpowder Technology

• Expansion

• Cultural Interactions

• Bigger Empires and a need for centralization

• Used in Religious Conflict

• Without gunpowder, no absolutism