lecture notes exam 2

Emotion

Brief, specific responses that consist of psychological and physiological components designed to help achieve social goals.

Psychological components of emotion

Thoughts and subjective experiences associated with emotions.

Physiological components of emotion

Bodily reactions, such as increased heart rate, that accompany emotions.

James-Lange Theory

Theory stating that emotions arise from physiological reactions to stimuli.

Schachter & Singer’s Two-Factor Theory

Theory that emotions result from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Universality of emotion

Darwin's view that emotions are biologically universal among humans.

Paul Ekman's research

Study that supports the universality of facial expressions corresponding to emotions.

Affect Valuation Theory

Theory suggesting that different cultures value different emotions, such as excitement in the U.S. and calmness in Eastern cultures.

Explicit attitudes

Conscious evaluations or beliefs about an object that can be self-reported.

Implicit attitudes

Automatic evaluations or beliefs about an object that are measured indirectly.

LaPiere's 1934 study

Demonstrated a discrepancy between explicit attitudes and actual behaviors.

Theory of Planned Behavior

Theory positing that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Theory suggesting that inconsistencies in beliefs or behaviors create psychological discomfort, driving attempts to resolve them.

Free-choice paradigm

A research method examining post-decision dissonance by emphasizing the positives of selected options over negatives of rejected choices.

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Model outlining two routes of persuasion: central (systematic evaluation) and peripheral (superficial processing).

Yale Approach to Persuasion

Framework identifying key elements of effective persuasion, including the speaker's attributes, message quality, and audience characteristics.

Reciprocity principle

Cialdini’s principle that suggests people feel obliged to return favors.

Scarcity principle

Cialdini’s principle indicating that items perceived as rare are more desirable.