5.1 Ottomans

Ottoman Empire

A land-based empire that rose after the decline of the Mongol Empire, known for its military expansion using new technologies.

Sinosphere

A cultural sphere of influence centered around China.

Mediterranean

A cultural sphere of influence surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

Indosphere

A cultural sphere of influence in the Indian subcontinent.

Dar al-Islam

The Islamic world where Islam is the dominant religion and culture.

Russosphere

A cultural sphere of influence associated with Russia.

Timur

A conqueror whose usage of gunpowder technology significantly impacted Dar al-Islam.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that rose during the Early Modern Era by utilizing cannons and firearms for military power.

Seljuks

A nomadic empire formed by Central Asian Turks seeking revenge, known for sweeping through Dar al-Islam.

Beys

Local tribal lords who ruled over Beyliks in the Seljuk Empire.

Beyliks

Territories ruled by Beys in the Seljuk Empire, similar to Russian principalities.

Turkification

The process of replacing Greek culture with Turkish culture in Anatolia.

Anatolia

A region that became culturally Turkish due to the influence of the Seljuks.

Height of the Caliphates

The period from ~600 - 800 characterized by the peak of Islamic political power.

Early Post Classical

The period from ~800 - 1200 marked by trade networks and feudalism.

High Post Classical

The period from ~1200 - 1450 dominated by the Mongols.

Early Modern

The period from 1450 - 1750 characterized by gunpowder technology and colonialism.

Unit 7

The historical period from 1750 - 1900 marked by revolutions and imperialism.

Unit 10

The historical period from 1900 - Present characterized by world wars and decolonization.

Caliph

The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Prophet Muhammad.

Cultural Resurgence

The revival of cultural influences and practices after the fall of the Mongol Empire.

Osman I

One Bey who declared independence and founded the Ottoman Beylik.

Ottoman Beylik

One of the primary Beyliks in Anatolia that competed for power.

Ottoman Rise

The transition of the semi-nomadic tribe into a permanently settled Sultanate under Osman I.

Mehmed II

Known as the 'Father of Conquest', he equipped the Ottoman military with a massive fleet and established the world's first professional gunpowder using military.

Siege of Constantinople

Mehmed II's crowning achievement in 1453, marking the start of modernity and the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

Orban Cannon

An Ottoman cannon that was 27 ft long, weighed 19 tons, and fired a cannonball weighing 1200 pounds, one of the largest cannons in history.

Istanbul

The new capital of the Ottoman Empire, renamed from Constantinople by Mehmed II.

Hagia Sophia

Originally a grand Orthodox Church, it was converted into a grand Mosque under Ottoman administration.

Devshirme System

The Ottoman practice of training young Christian Greek boys as Janissaries, an elite company of soldiers.

Janissaries

The world's first standing army, fully equipped and trained with firearms.

Bey

A title for a chieftain or leader in the Ottoman Empire.

Beylik

A principality ruled by a Bey, often established during the fragmentation of the Seljuk authority.

Mongol invasions

The events that weakened Seljuk authority and led to the establishment of independent Beyliks.

Byzantines

The empire that the Ottomans launched raids against across the sea.

Crusader States

Political and military entities established by Western European Christians in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Il-Khanate

A division of the Mongol Empire that impacted the political landscape of Anatolia.

Mamluks of Egypt

A rival power to the Ottomans in the region.

Cannon technology

The advancement that played a crucial role in the fall of Constantinople.

1450

The year the College Board dates the Early Modern Era, marked by the fall of Constantinople.

Ottoman military

The armed forces of the Ottoman Empire, significantly enhanced under Mehmed II.

Architectural prowess

The skill demonstrated in the design and construction of structures like Hagia Sophia.

Tax Auctioning (Iltizam)

A system devised by the Ottomans to auction out the right to collect taxes, allowing tax collectors to keep a portion of the taxes.

Royal Fratricide

A tradition legalized by Mehmed II where a new Sultan orders the execution of all his brothers to prevent them from plotting against him.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The ruler of the Ottoman Empire at its height, known for synthesizing Islamic Law with Sultanate Law to simplify the legal system.

Millet System

A system that granted legal protections and communal autonomy to Christians and Jews who paid the Jizya Tax, labeling them as Dhimmi.

Dhimmi

Non-Muslims, specifically Christians and Jews, who are granted legal protections and communal autonomy under the Millet System.

Sultanate of Women

A period starting with Suleiman where Sultans held harems of concubines, and women in these harems often held significant royal influence.

Kosem Sultan

The highest ranking woman in Ottoman history, exemplifying the power held by women during the Sultanate of Women.

Vassals

Semi-autonomous entities on the edges of the Ottoman Empire that provided military support and financial tribute in exchange for protection.

Second Golden Age of Islam

A period marked by the Turks solidifying their leadership in the Islamic world, particularly during the Ottoman Empire's rise.

Political Crises of the Ottomans

Challenges faced by the Ottomans in the latter years of the Early Modern Era that forced them to adapt and reform their systems.

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

Changes implemented by the Ottomans in response to political crises, which extended their societal stability for several hundred years.

Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

The eventual decline of the Ottoman Empire, which did not occur until after World War One.

Jizya Tax

A tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, particularly under the Millet System.

Territorial Peak of the Ottoman Empire

The period when the Ottoman Empire reached its maximum territorial extent, bringing unity to Dar al-Islam.

Administration of the Ottoman Empire

The various unique methods used by the Ottomans to govern their vast and diverse empire.

Cultural Unity in Dar al-Islam

The sense of unity brought to the Islamic world during the Ottoman Empire's territorial peak.

Harem

A domestic space reserved for the women of a Sultan, often including concubines who held significant influence.

Succession in the Ottoman Empire

The process by which a new Sultan ascends to the throne, often accompanied by the execution of potential rivals.

Ottoman Legal System

The system of laws in the Ottoman Empire, which was simplified under Suleiman by synthesizing Islamic and Sultanate laws.

Ottoman Tax Collectors

Individuals who collected taxes on behalf of the Ottomans, retaining a portion of the taxes collected.