AP GEO UNIT 2

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. This indicates the efficiency of the agricultural sector in a region.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. It is a key indicator of population growth and reproductive health.

Replacement Rate

The total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically considered to be about 2.1 children per woman in developed countries.

Gentrification

The process of renovating urban neighborhoods, often resulting in the displacement of lower-income residents as property values rise.

Squatters / Squatter Settlements

People who settle illegally on unowned or unused land (common in developing cities). Caused by rapid urban migration + lack of affordable housing.

Enclave

A territory completely surrounded by another but culturally or politically distinct (e.g., Vatican City inside Italy).

Exclave

A part of a country separated from the main territory by another country (ex. Alaska)

Dependency Ratio

a measure of the portion of a population that is dependent on the working-age population, often used to evaluate the economic burden on productive individuals.

Stage 1 – High Stationary

• 💀 High birth rates + high death rates

• 🌾 Little population growth

• 👶 Many kids needed for farming, poor healthcare

• 🏹 Pre-industrial, nomadic, or early farming societies
  ➡ Example: No countries today; historical tribes

Stage 2 – Early Expanding

• ⚡ Birth rate stays high

• 💧 Death rate drops fast (better food, sanitation)

• 📈 Rapid population growth

• 🏭 Early industrialization / agricultural improvements
  ➡ Example: Niger, Yemen, Afghanistan

---

Stage 3 – Late Expanding

• 👶 Birth rate drops (urbanization, education, birth control)

• 💀 Death rate still low

• 💡 Slower population growth

• 🏙 People move to cities, better jobs + healthcare
  ➡ Example: Mexico, India, South Africa

Stage 4 – Low Stationary

• 👩‍⚕ Low birth + low death rates

• 🏡 Stable or slow population growth

• 💼 Advanced economy, women working, family planning
  ➡ Example: U.S., Canada, France, South Korea

memorize pattern of DTM STAGES

“High–Drop–Drop–Low–Below”

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows each year (CBR − CDR = NIR). Does not include migration.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size, calculated using the natural increase rate. It indicates how rapidly a population is growing.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population, typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

Explains causes of death in each DTM stage:

1. Famine/disease

2. Pandemics

3. Degenerative diseases (heart, cancer)

4. Delayed diseases

5. Reemerging infections

Population Policies

Government actions to control population size.

ex-

• Pro-natalist → encourage births (France)

• Anti-natalist → discourage births (China’s one-child policy)

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support without degrading resources.

Dependency Burden

The economic and social responsibility of those who are not in the workforce (dependents) compared to those who are actively working.

Emigration vs. Immigration

Emigration refers to the act of leaving one's country to live in another, while immigration is the act of entering a new country to live there.

Step Migration

A process in which migrants move to a series of destinations, typically progressing gradually from one level of opportunity to another. This often involves moving from rural areas to urban centers in stages.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within a country, often from rural to urban areas. This process can be driven by factors such as economic opportunities or environmental conditions.

International Migration

The movement of people across international borders, which can involve leaving one country to settle permanently or temporarily in another.

Intervening Obstacle

Any factor that hinders or complicates migration, such as geographical barriers, political restrictions, or economic challenges.

Intervening Opportunity

A favorable factor or condition that can attract migrants and facilitate their movement, such as job offers or accessible transportation.

Chain Migration

The process by which immigrants from a particular area follow others from that area to a new destination, often leading to clusters of communities.

Refugee

A person who is forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence, seeking safety in another country.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person who is forced to flee their home but remains within their country's borders, often due to conflict, violence, or natural disasters.

Remittances

Monetary transfers made by migrants to their home country, supporting family and local economies.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified individuals from one country to another, often resulting in a loss of talent and skills in the home country.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A set of principles developed by Ernst Ravenstein in the 19th century that describe the patterns and reasons behind migration, emphasizing factors such as distance, gender, and economic motives.

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model

A theory that describes the relationship between migration and the economic development and demographic transition of a country.

Ecumene

The inhabited land areas of the Earth where people live, which contrasts with uninhabited regions. It encompasses regions that are conducive to human settlement, such as urban and agricultural zones.

Arable Land

Land suitable for growing crops, characterized by fertile soil and adequate climate conditions.

Neo-Malthusians

A group of theorists who advocate for population control measures to prevent catastrophic resource depletion and environmental degradation, drawing on Malthusian principles.

Thomas Malthus (Malthusian Theory)

The theory that population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to famine and societal collapse. Malthus believed this imbalance could lead to checks on population through starvation and disease.

Guest Worker

A foreign laborer who is permitted to work temporarily in a country, typically in a low-skilled job.

Urbanization

The increasing population of people in urban areas as cities expand due to migration and economic opportunities.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

The movement of people from countryside areas to cities, often driven by the search for better economic opportunities and living standards.

Asylum Seeker

A person who flees their home country seeking refuge and protection from persecution or danger.

Remittance Economy

An economic system largely supported by funds sent back home by migrants to their families in their countries of origin, often contributing significantly to local economies.

EXAMPLE QUESTION

If a country’s TFR = 1.6, what will likely happen to its population over time?

The population is expected to decline over time, indicating an aging population and potential for a demographic crisis. This low total fertility rate suggests insufficient birth rates to sustain the population size.

EXAMPLE QUESTION

If a country’s CBR is higher than its CDR, what is true about its population growth?

The population is likely to increase, as more births are occurring than deaths.

EXAMPLE QUESTION

What does a wide base on a population pyramid show?

A wide base indicates a high birth rate and a growing population, often seen in developing countries.

EXAMPLE QUESTION

A narrow top on a population pyramid indicates what?

A narrow top indicates a lower life expectancy and a smaller elderly population, often associated with higher mortality rates. This shape can reflect a declining population or an aging demographic.

EXAMPLE QUESTION

An earthquake forces thousands to move away from their homes. What type of migration is this?

Forced migration

Which density best shows food pressure?

Physiological density

Which density best shows development level?

Economic density

What does a rectangular pyramid shape mean?

Low birth/death rates → stable population (Stage 4).

In what DTM stages does rapid population growth happen?

Stages 2 and 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) measure?

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) measures changes in a country's population over time, focusing on birth and death rates as it progresses.

Why was Malthus wrong?

Technology and farming innovations increased food supply.

What’s the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?

• Refugee: already fled their country.

• Asylum seeker: applying for protection in another country.