BIO 107: Unit 1 - Ch 1 Introduction

Anatomy

Study of internal and external

Physiology

How living organisms perform vital functions

Structure & Function

Structure dictates function, altering the structure will alter the function.

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

1. Atoms

2. Molecule

3. Organelle

4. Cell

5. Tissue

6. Organ

7. Organ System

8. Organism

Atoms

Smallest stable units of matter, building blocks for everything

Molecular Level

Atoms join to form molecules, functional properties are determined by shape

Organelles

Specialized structure that performs important functions within a cell

Cellular Level

Smallest living structural & functional unit of the body

Tissue Level

Group of cells working together to perform specific functions

Organ Level

2 or more tissues organized to perform several functions

Organ System Level

Interaction of organs & tissues for a common purpose

Organism

Human being, needs all 11 systems working for life & health

What are the 11 organ systems?

1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive System

Integumentary System

Function: Protection from the environment /regulate temp/ sensory info.

Major organs: Skin, hair, nails.

Skeletal System

Function: Support & protect/ mineral storage.

Major organs: Bone, cartilage, ligaments.

Muscular System

Function: Movement/ protection & support/ body temp.

Major organs: Muscles & tendons.

Nervous System

Function: Coordinates organ systems/ response to stimuli.

Major organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Endocrine System

Function: Coordinates organ systems/ metabolic activity & development.

Major organs: Pituitary gland, sex glands.

Cardiovascular System

Function: Distributes blood.

Major organs: Heart, vessels, blood.

Lymphatic System

Function: Retains fluid/ immune system.

Major organs: Spleen, lymph nodes.

Respiratory System

Function: Provides O2 to blood/ communication/ balance pH.

Major organs: Lungs, trachea.

Digestive System

Function: Digests food/ absorbs nutrients.

Major organs: Stomach, liver, intestines.

Urinary System

Function: Removes waste/ controls water loss.

Major organs: Kidneys, bladder.

Reproductive System

MALE - produce sperm & male hormones (Testes)

FEMALE - produce egg/ female hormones/ support infant (Ovaries, Uterus)

Homeostasis

Existence of a relatively stable internal environment.

As the Internal and External Environment changes . . .

Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

What happens if the body does not function within normal limits?

Organ systems malfunction, resulting in disease, if pushed farther -> death.

Disorder

Any abnormality of structure or function.

Disease

A disorder characterized by a set of signs and symptoms.

Autoregulation

Occurs when a cell or system adjusts its activities automatically.

Extrinsic Regulation

When the nervous or endocrine systems cause a change in activities.

Homeostasis in Nervous System

Reacts quicker -> specific -> short lived (Ex. smart phone)

Homeostasis in Endocrine System

Reacts slower -> wide ranging -> last longer (Ex. snail mail)

Receptor

Senses a change in a particular parameter, stimulus.

Control Center

Receives and processes information from the receptor, directs a change.

Effector

Responds to command, can oppose or enhance stimulus.

Negative Feedback

Stimulus produces a response that opposes or stops original stimulus. Tends to minimize change, process is dynamic (range).

Examples: Temperature, blood sugar, most systems.

Positive Feedback

Stimulus produces a response that increases or enhances original stimulus. Tends to produce extreme responses, escalating cycle (loop).

Examples: Child birth, blood clotting.

Dynamic Equilibrium

Body is continually adapting and adjusting. Any adjustments made to one parameter will have direct and indirect effects on other parameters and systems.

Anatomical Position

Standing with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward.

Sagittal

Front to back (lateral view).

Frontal or Coronal

Ear to ear (A to P view).

Transverse or Cross

Horizontal (cross section).

Superior

Above or toward the head.

Inferior

Below or away from the head.

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of body

Cranial

Head

Caudal

Tail

Dorsal

Back or upper surface

Ventral

Belly or underside

Proximal

Nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from the center of the body or the point of attachment.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body.

Bilateral

Both sides

Supine

Facing up, lying on back.

Prone

Facing down, lying on stomach.

Serous Membrane

Lines cavities, consist of two layers.

Parietal

Lines the body wall.

Visceral

Lines the organs.

Serous Fluid

Viscera lubricant.

What are the 2 major sections of the Dorsal cavity?

Cranial cavity (brain) and Spinal cavity (spinal cord).

What does the Ventral cavity contains?

Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, and Pelvic cavity.

What does the Thoracic cavity contain?

Pleural cavity (lung) and Pericardial cavity (heart).

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs.

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Upper right (UR), upper left (UL), lower right (LR), lower left (LL).

Costal

Posterior ribs.

Lumbar

Posterior low back.

Gluteal

Posterior butt.

Flank

Side of the body between the ribs and ilium.

Axilla

Armpit

Pectoral

Anterior chest.

Abdominal

Anterior belly.

Groin or Inguinal

Between hip and pubic area.

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac,

Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar,

Right inguinal, Hypogastric, Left inguinal.

Brachium

Upper arm.

Antebrachium

Forearm.

Cubital

Posterior elbow.

Antecubital

Anterior elbow.

Thigh

Upper leg (hip to knee).

Calf

Posterior leg.

Popliteal Region

Posterior or back of knee.

Plantar

Sole of foot.