Anwitha Sriramoju--Chapter 3: Principles of Genetics

Who formed the foundational work on genetics?

gregor mendel

what did mendels experiment show?

f1 showed the dominant yellow peas
f2 showed that the 3:1 ratio of yellow to green seeds, This reveals Mendel’s law of segregation: traits seperate during reproduction and recessive traits can appear

what did mendel’s P1 generation show?

What happened when mendel crossed yellow and green peas?

when mendel crossed the yellow and green peas the peas where heterozygous dominant for yellow(Rr)

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

that alleles seperate during gamete formation

What is a punnett sqaure?

• tools used in biotechnology and medicine to predict inheritance of traits, including genetic disorders

How are punnett square used in biotechnology?

• to predict inheritance of traits, including genetic disorders 

What is the law of independent assortment

• the alleles for different genes segregate independently of one another, leading to all possible combinations of alleles in the gametes

Why is the law of independent assortment important in biotechnology?

vital for biotechnology for understanding how traits and genetic disorders are inherited independently

What is a testcross?

• a tool to demonstrate whether an individual showing a dominant trait is homozygous (RR) or heterozygous (Rr). Test crosses are important for identifying carriers of genetic traits and predicting inheritance of diseases

what is homozygous 

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

What is heterozygous

having two different alleles for a particualr gene or genes

What are testcross important in biotechnology?

to identify carriers of genetic trats and prediciting inheritance of diseases

what is incomplete dominance?

• shows how traits belnd who no single allele is completely domninant

What does incomplete dominance show in biotechnology?

helps us understand how genetic variation creates intermediate phenotypes—such as plant breeding, medicine, and biotech

What is codominance?

a genetic trait where both alleles for a gene are fully and equally expressed in a heterozygous individual resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits at once rather than a blend

What is an example of a trait determined by codominance?

blood types

why is codominance important in biotechnology?

important for medicine, transfusions, and paternity testing

What is polygenic inheritance?

traits controlled by many genes working together.

What is a classic example of polygenic inheritance?

skin color, height, and weight

What type of results does polygenic inheritance produce?

traits form a range or gradient of phenotypes

How is sex detmeined?

The determination of sex in humans is based on the combination of sex chomromosomes.

Why is sex determination important in biotech?

This concept is crucial for understnading inheritance, genetic disorders linked to sex chromosomes, and applications in biotech such as prenatal testing

how are sex linked traits determined?

Why are males more likely to express X-linked disorders?

because they only have one X which automaticaly makes them dominant

How do females express sex-linked disorders?

recessive, or carrier

why is it important to understand sex-linked inheritance in biotech?

This concept is crucial for understanding inheritance, genetic disorders linked to sex chromosomes, and applications in biotech such as prenatal testing

What are chromosomal alterations?

large-scale changed in the structure of chromsomes,

What is deletion?

remove essential genes often leading to serve disorder or devleopment failure

What is inversion?

range gene odrer without lousing material but may disrupt regulation and cause cancers

What is translocation?

the movmenet of a part of a chromomsone to another chromosome, or the exhance of segements between two chromsomes.

What is duplication?

the action or process of duplicating something

What is crossing over?

a process that increases genetic diversity during meisois

Why is crossing over important in science and technology?

essential for variability in populations, evolution and study of biotech

whhen does crossing over occue?

prophase 1 of meosis

What is nondisujunction?

1. the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

what is the result of nondisujjunction?

results in gametes with too many or too few chromsomes

What disease does nondisjunction help explain?

down synbdorwm, turner syndrome, and klinrfelter syndrome

What is down synydrome?

1. a congenital condition characterized by a distinctive pattern of physical characteristics including a flattened skull, pronounced folds of skin in the inner corners of the eyes, large tongue, and short stature, and by some degree of limitation of intellectual ability and social and practical skills. It usually arises from a defect involving chromosome 21, usually an extra copy (trisomy-21).

what is turner syndrome?

a genetic disorder that affects females, typically caused by the absence or patial deletion of one x chromsome

what is klinefelter syndrome

a genetic disorder that affects males caused by extra X chromsome