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The Golden Age of Research
A period from 1900-1930 focused on gathering crime data without theory guiding the collection.
Golden Age of Theory
A period from 1930-1960 focused on creating theories to explain crime observations.
Extensive Theory Testing
The period starting in the 1960s where dominant theories in criminology were rigorously tested.
Applied Research
Research conducted with a clear application or use in mind, such as Kim Rossmo's geographic profiling.
Pure Research
Research conducted to create knowledge without direct application initially.
Research Process steps
Identify a problem, create a research design, collect data, analyze the data.
Case Study
An in-depth investigation into a person, group, or organization to offer context.
Participant Observations
A research method where the observer becomes part of the group being studied, risking objectivity.
Stanford Prison Experiment
A psychological study conducted by Zimbardo in 1971 that examined the effects of perceived power.
Tea Room Trade
Laud Humphreys’ study observing sexual encounters in public restrooms, raising ethical concerns.
Classical School of Criminology
The theory that crime is a choice based on rationality, utility, and deterrence.
Social Contract
The theory that a government's legitimacy comes from its duty to protect the rights of its citizens.
Ceaser Beccaria
A philosopher who emphasized the need for punishment to be swift, certain, and proportionate.
Jeremy Bentham
A philosopher who proposed that human behavior is driven by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
Hedonic Calculus
A method of measuring pleasure and pain to help individuals make rational choices.
Neoclassical Perspective
An approach blending positivist criminology with classical, focusing on crime as a choice while recognizing individual differences.
Rational Choice Theory
The theory that criminals make informed choices to engage in crime.
Routine Activities Theory
A theory stating that crime occurs when a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of a capable guardian converge.
Seductions of Crime
Jack Katz's concept that crime can be attractive and rewarding in the moment.
Specific Deterrence
Punishment designed to deter the individual offender from reoffending.
General Deterrence
Punishment intended to deter others by making an example of an offender.
Recidivism
The tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to reoffend.
Death Penalty Arguments
Pros include moral arguments and deterrence, Cons include biases based on class and race.
Prosecutorial Discretion
The authority of prosecutors to make decisions on charging and plea bargaining that can affect death penalty outcomes.
Liebman Study
A study revealing a high error rate in death penalty cases, highlighting issues in the justice system.
Note 
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