Unit 7 AP Human Geography Vocabulary

All the vocabulary words in unit 7

Primary Activities

extracts or harvests products such as raw materials and basic foods

Secondary Activities

produces finished goods from the raw materials extracted by the primary sector

Tertiary Activities

sells the goods produced by the secondary sector, also known as the service industry

Quaternary Activities

the knowledge, economy, and jobs dealing with other people’s money

Quinary Activities

includes the highest levels of decision-making in a society or economy

Human Development Index (HDI)

a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of “human development” It is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standards of living for countries worldwide.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period

Globalization

refers to the growing interconnectedness of the world through trade, culture, technology, and transportation

Commodity Chain

a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally distribute them to consumers

Complementarity

actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions

Comparative Advantage

an economy’s ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partners

Gross National Income (GNI)

total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses

Gross National Product (GNP)

income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned by foreign residents, includes GDP

Per capita GDP

a measure of the total output of a country (gross domestic product) divided by the number of people in the country

Life Expectancy

the average expected number of years of life

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of babies under one year of age per 1,000 live births

Total Fertility Rate

the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime

Literacy Rate

the percent of the population that can read and write

Gender Inequality Index

a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

theory that countries are dependent on each other economically and politically

Core Countries

the industrialized or imperialist countries, which depend on appropriation from peripheral and semi-peripheral countries. Core countries control and benefit from the global market

Semi-Periphery Countries

the industrializing, mostly capital countries which are positioned between the core and peripheral countries

Periphery Countries

those that are less developed than the other countries and they usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

states that industry is situated within the area where the costs of transporting raw materials and the final output are minimal. Weber attempted to consider the role of transportation costs when choosing the location of an industry

Bulk-gaining

products that are larger/bulkier/more volume than their parts

Bulk-reducing

products that are smaller/lighter/less volume than their parts

Growth Poles

places of economic activity agglomerated (clustered) around one or more high-growth industries that stimulate economic gain

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

these zones are subject to lower taxes and improves infrastructure for foreign businesses (China)

Export Processing Zones (EPZ)

a kind of SEZ that is specific for outsourcing manufacturing for export to the home country (Mexico)

Free Trade Zones (FTZ)

type pf SEZ that covers a larger area, even entire cities, that provides low-cost warehousing, storage, and transportation of goods (Hong Kong, Singapore)

Just In Time Delivery

increases the efficiency of modern manufaturing

Outsourcing

when manufacturing jobs have been moved offshore in semi-periphery and periphery countries

Agglomeration

the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit (cluster)

Maquiladoras

factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company

Infrastructure

basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development

Uneven Development

increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

Ecotourism

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs