Unit 1 Ap Psych

evolutionary psych

how natural selection influences behavior

Heredity (nature)

how genetics impacts your behavior

Environment (nurture)

how your surroundings impact your behavior

Genetic Studies

how identical twins have a higher chance to disease since they are completely identical genetically

Environmental studies

how identical twins are different from each other due to difference in environment they were brought up when separated

central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord, sensory receptors come to it

peripheral nervous system

goes from brain and spinal cord and nerves connect to localized body parts

somatic nervous system

voluntary movements that YOU can control

autonomic nervous system

involuntary moments that JUST happen such as breathing and heart beating

sympathetic nervous system

body gets ready for action and is in flight or fight mode (part of autonomic), faster heart rate and blood pressure

Parasympathetic nervous system

body relaxes and is in rest and digest mode (part of autonomic), slower heart rate and blood pressure

neuron

basic cells for the nervous system

dendrites

the receiving ends of the neuron and gets neurotransmitters

axon

where the action potential travels through

myelin sheath

covers and protects axon and speeds up action potential traveling through the axon

synapse

space between neurons (synaptic gap) and is between the pre and post synaptic terminals of the axon

sensory neurons

receive stimulus from the environment and sends it to the brain, this can be seen in CNS

interneurons

this is in the brain and spinal cord and receives signals from the sensory neurons, responsible for reflex arc

motor neurons

gets signals from interneurons and travels to motor neurons so that body part can move

reflex arc

immediate reaction when touching a stimulus, goes from sensory to motor neurons (hand touching hot stove)

Glia cells

basic cells that help in transportation and give support

neurons fire with action potential

ions go down axon and get separated, more positive on the inside of cell (action potential)

resting potential

usually when there is negative ions inside the cell and when neuron isn't doing anything

depolarization

when charge of neurons go from negative to positive on the inside of the cell

all or nothing principle

if action potential goes over threshold, then neuron will go through change, but if it doesn’t nothing happens

refractory period

this is when depolarization occurs and when the neuron has to reset and rest before another action potential takes place

excitatory NT

allows action potential to take place in other neurons

inhibitory NT

decreases the likelihood of action potential occurring in other neurons

GABA

major inhibitory NT

Glutamate

major excitatory NT

Dopamine

short term, has reward and pleasure and associated with hypothalamus

Serotonin

long term, associated with amygdala and does emotion and moods

Acetylcholine

associated with hippocampus and helps with fine movement and memory

norepinephrine

associated with sympathetic NS and with fight or flight

endorphins

decreases pain

substance P

pain regulation

oxytocin

love hormone when bonding and childbirth

adrenaline

fight or flight, gets body ready for action

leptin

inhibitory, makes you full

ghrelin

makes you hungry, excitatory

melatonin

makes you sleep

agonist drug

mimics a NT

antagonist drug

inhibits the receptors and prevents NT from binding

Reuptake

unused NT in synaptic gap are taken back into the sending neurons which in this case is the pre synaptic axon terminal

depressants

decrease activity in NS such as alcohol

stimulants

increase activity in NS such as caffeine

Hallucinogens

gives altered perception such as marijuana

opioids

relieve pain such as heroin and act as endorphin agonists (mimic the NT)

Tolerance

taking more drugs to have the same effect the original

addiction

keep taking that drug to not have withdrawal symptoms

withdrawal

symptoms that you get when you stop taking a drug such as sweating and nausea

cerebellum

helps with balance and coordination

medulla

helps regulate vital organs such as heart beat and blood pressure

reticular activating system

monitors sleep and arousal

cerebral cortex

outer portion of the brain and contains limbic system, lobes, and corpus callosum

amygdala (limbic)

has emotions such as aggression and fear

hippocampus

for memory such as semantic and episodic (if you saw a hippo on campus you would remember it !)

hypothalamus

reward/pleasure system

thalamus

relay center for all senses except for smell

pituitary gland

controlled by hypothalamus and releases hormones

occipital lobe

about vision

frontal lobe

has language, understanding, personality, movement, judgment, everything, has 2 cortex

prefrontal cortex

front of frontal lobe and executive function

motor cortex

back of frontal lobe and controls skeletal movement

parietal lobe

touch and sensations, has 1 cortex

somatosensory cortex

map of touch receptors

temporal lobe

facial recognition and language

left hemisphere

has language and can have aphasia there which is damaged speech, very logical

Broca’s area

broken speech

Wernicke’s Area

lack of comprehension, wwwwhat are you saying

Corpus Callosum

bundle of nerves that connect the left and right hemisphere of the brain

split brain

when you separate the corpus, it results in the right eye being able to see due to left hemisphere, but the left eye not being about to see due to right hemisphere, can’t connect to left hemisphere

brain plasticity

brain changing due to experiences that it has gone through

endocrine system

slower than NS, all about homeostasis

EEG

very broad brain activity

fMRI

specific brain activity

lesions

destruction of brain tissue

multiple sclerosis

destruction of myelin sheaths which disrupts AP and has paralysis and pain

Myasthenia gravis

disrupts AP and which apetyl is blocked which has poor motor control and memory

blindsight

caused by lesions to brain to primary visual cortex but people can “see”

prosopagnosia

face blindness — damage to occipital or temporal lobe, can be both as well

phantom limb pain

after body is amputated, can still feel pain in area

epilepsy

seizures (too much-glutamate) (too little-gaba)

alzeimers

destruction of acetyl in hippocampus

consciousness

knowing when you are awake or asleep

circadian rhythm

24 hour biological clock

beta waves

when you’re awake (you beta be awake for this exam)

alpha waves

when you’re drowsy

NREM1

light sleep when you have that falling sensations

NREM2

Bursts of sleep spindles

NREM3

when you’re in deep sleeps, delta waves

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

when your’re between dreaming and consciousness

Activation Synthesis

has the limbic system and brain stem, when your dreams start to have meaning and when the brain starts to process memories

consolidation dream theory

brain is processing and combining memories for storage

consolidation

memory storage

restoration

restore energy and regenerate immune system

insomnia

not be able to fall/stay asleep

sleep walking/somnambulism

you’re in deep sleep so NREM3

Narcolepsy

when you keep going in REM out of nowhere — between dreaming and consciousness

sleep apnea

not being able to breathe when sleeping (usually to obesity)