language and cognition

Telegraphic speech

like telegrams contains no articles or prepositions.

Syntax

a system of rules that governs how words can be meaningfully.

Metalingual awareness

the capacity to think about how language is used.

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct overestimating your beliefs.

Noam Chomsky

argues that human brains have a language acquisition device (LAD) an innate mechanism or process that allows children to develop language skills.

Dialectical Reasoning

the process of arriving at truth through a process of comparing contrasting/various solutions (Pros and Cons list)

Heuristics

a rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements solve problems efficiently (AKA a shortcut thats prone to errors)

Semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language

Phonemes

the smallest distinguishable units in a language.

Morphemes

the smallest meaningful units in a language.

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

Problem solving

the active effort people make to achieve a goal that can not be easily attained.

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for info that one's preconceptions.

Washoe

chimpanzee taught ASL to communicate.

Concept

a mental category that groups events qualities or actions.

Additive strategy

a person lists the attributes of each element of the decision weighs them according to importance adds them up and picks the best.

Prototypes

a mental image or best example of a category

Functional Fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.

Benjamin Lee Whorf

proposed linguistic relativity hypothesis that language determines the way people think (Like how not all words have direct translations)

Algorithm

a methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

language

system of words and rules that is used for meaningful communication.

Cognitive schema

mental models of different aspects of the world (ex.

Inductive reasoning

the process by which a general conclusion is drawn from examples.

Cognition

another term for thinking knowing and remembering.

Representative Heuristic

likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype.

Deductive reasoning

the process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises of statements.

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences (like noun adjective placement in Spanish vs. english)

language

a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication

phonemes

the smallest distinguishable units in a language

morphemes

the smallest meaningful units in a language

syntax

a system of rules that governs how words can be meaningfully

babbling stage

producing sounds that resemble many different languages

telegraphic speech

like telegrams contains no articles or prepositions

metalingual awareness

the capacity to think about how language is used

B. F. Skinner

believed that language is acquired through principles of conditioning including association, imitation, and reinforcement

Noam Chomsky

argues that human brains have a language acquisition device (LAD) an innate mechanism or process that allows children to develop language skills

Benjamin Lee Whorf

proposed linguistic relativity hypothesis that language determines the way people think (Like how not all words have direct translations)

Semantic slanting

a way of making statements to evoke specific emotional responses like saying preemptive counterattack over invasion)

Name calling

strategy of labeling people in order to influence their thinking

syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences (like noun adjective placement in Spanish vs. english)

one word stage

1-2 year old uses one word to communicate big meanings

Benjamin Lee Whorf's Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Linguistic Determinism → The idea that language determines the way we think not vice versa

Washoe

chimpanzee taught ASL to communicate

concept

a mental category that groups similar objects events qualities or actions

prototypes

a typical example of concept used to decide whether a particular instance of something belongs to a concept

cognitive schema

mental models of different aspects of the world (ex

cognition

another term for thinking knowing and remembering

Lev Vygotsky's theory of Social Influences

Cognitive development works best through the interaction with others (Saw child as an apprentice)

Algorithm

a methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Heuristics

a rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements solve problems efficiently (AKA a shortcut thats prone to errors)

Representative Heuristic

likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype

Availabily Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory

Dialectical Reasoning

the process of arriving at truth through a process of comparing contrastingvarious solutions (Pros and Cons list)

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

The Gambler's Fallacy

the mistaken belief that if something happens a lot it won't happen as much later (when it's independent)

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions

Fixation

The inability to see a problem from another POV

Functional Fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Mental set

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct overestimating your beliefs

Belief Bias

tendency of our own beliefs to distort logical reasoning

Belief Perseverance

clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Divergent thinking

like brainstorming

Convergent thinking

Narrow down idea

Problem solving

the active effort people make to achieve a goal that cannot be easily attained

trial and error

involves trying out different solutions until one works

deductive reasoning

the process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises of statements

inductive reasoning

the process by which a general conclusion is drawn from examples

elimination by aspects

involves eliminating alternatives based on whether they do or do not possess aspects or attributes deemed important