Anatomy / Structure

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobe

sylvian sulcus

• separates frontal and temporal lobe

pre occipital notch

separates occipital and temporal lobe

temporal lobes functions

• auditory processing

• speech comprehension

• ventral vision: what pathway

• memory

temporal lobe structure

• Primary auditory BA 41, 42

• Secondary auditory BA 22

temporal lobe sulci

• Superior temporal sulcus (STS)

• Inferior temporal sulcus (ITS)

temporal lobe gyri

• STG

• MTG

• IFG

Superior temporal sulcus (STS)

• separates STG and MTG

Inferior temporal sulcus (STS)

• separates MTG and ITG

parahippocampal gyrus

• • Posterior part: Parahippocampal cortex

• • Anterior Part: Entorhinal cortex

• • Piriform cortex: Sense o

occipital lobe function

process visual information

occipital lobe structure

• • Primary visual cortex BA 17

• • Secondary Visual cortex BA 18

• • associative visual areas BA 19

parietal lobe functions

• somatosensory

• • language

• • dorsal stream vision: where

• • multi sensory integration

parietal lobe structure

• inferior parietal lobule

• superior parietal lobule

parietal lobe gyri

• supramarginal gyrus

• angular gyrus

parietal lobe sulcus

• intraparietal sulcus

• post central sulcus

frontal lobe gyrus

• post central gyrus

• precentral gyrus

• superior forntal gyrus

• inferior frontal gyrus

frontal lobe functions

• • motor control

• • executive functioning

• • language

• • epoptic processing

• • reasoning and emotions

frontal lobe sulcus

• central sulcus

• precentral sulcus

• superior frontal sulcus

• inferior forntal sulcus

inferior frontal gyrus

- Pars Opercularis

- Pars Triangularis

- Pars Orbitalis

horizontal ramus

separate ORB and  TRI

anterior ascending ramus

• separate TRI and OPER

insula strcture

Operculum:

-frontal

-parietal

-temporal

insula function

• • hidden within sylvian fissure

• • somatic-visceral sensations

• • introspection

• • gustatory cortex

• • socio-emotional

• • cognitive

limbic cortex functions

emotional brain involved in behavioral and emotional response

limbic cortex structure

-cingulate cortex

-parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus

-amygdala

subcortical structure

• • Grey matter areas

• • not part of cortex islands within white matter

basal ganglia structure

striatum, amygdala, nucleus accumbent

basal ganglia

• group of subcortical nuclei

striatum structure

putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus

striatum functions

-involved in initiation and regulation of movements

- motor learning

-muscle tone

amygdala funcitons

memory, emotions, fear

nucleus accumbens

pleasure, reward, motor functions

thalamus

relays sensory info to cortex

exception: olfaction→piriform

first order nuclei

lateran geniculate nuclei

medial geniculate nuclei

ventro posterior nuclei

higher order nuclei

- role in higher order cognitive functions and network regulation involving prefrontal cortex

- involved in learning and memory processes

ventro posterior nuclei

relays sensory information from body

lateral geniculate nuclei

visual relay

medial geniculate nuclei

auditory relay

cerebellum function

• • production of movement

• • balance, posture, coordination

• • motor learning

brain stem function

• control centers for autonomic vital functions

• connects brain to spinal cord

  -breathing, heartbeat, sleep, blood pressure

brain stem structure

• midbrain

• pons

• medulla

parietal brodmann area

BA 40, 39 SMG, ANG

BA 1,2,3 somatosensory

frontal brodmann area

BA 4, 6: motor, premotor

BA 44, 45: Broca = Pars oper, pars tri

occipital brodmann area

BA 17,18,19 = visual

temporal brodmann area

BA 41, 42, 22: auditory

middle cerebral artery

along sylvian fissure

lots of branches

supplies lateral surface: frontal, parietal, partial temporal

anterior cerebral artery

supplies upper part of medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes

posterior cerebral artery

medial surface of temporal lobe and all of occipital lobe

layer I

molecular layer

comprised of few scatter neurons

layer II

external granular layer

dense layer of very small granular neurons which sometimes appear to be granular

layer III

external pyramidal layer

pyramidal neurons which get larger the deeper into the cortex they go

layer IV

internal granular layer

small round granule cells

layer V

internal pyramidal layer

pyramidal neurons, often denser in upper part than in lower part

layer VI

multiform layer

spindle-shaped neuorns/modified pyramidal cells, lower part often blends with white matter

hypergranular coretx

granular layer 4 and rest of layers appear granular

area 3b, area 17, area 41

dysgranular cortex

slightly granular layer 4 interrupted by pyramidal cells form 3 and 5

area 44

agranular coretx

no granular layer 4

areas 4 and 6

area 47/12

• -  Typical 6 layer neocortex

• -  Good granular layer 4

• -  Active memory retrieval with area 45

area 45

• -  Distinct granular layer 4

• -  Large pyramidal cells in the lower part of layer 3 called gamma cells

• -  Active memory retrieval and processing area

area 44

• -  Dysgranular layer 4, lots of disruptions

• -  Broca’s area proper

• -  Electrical stimulation causes speech arrest

area 6VR

• -  Premotor cortex

• -  Agranular cortex

• -  Difficult to distinguish layers

• -  No layer 4

area 4

• -  Agranular area

• -  Largest neurons in the brain in layer 5  Betz cells

• -  Poor border with the white matter, seen in anatomical MRI

• -  Thick cortical ribbon

• -  Primary motor cortex, large cells go down spinal cord to synapse with efferent cells

area 3b

• -  Hypergranular cortex (really tiny and appear granular even though they are not)

• -  Distinct layer 4

• -  Other layers all granular

• -  Thin cortical ribbon

• -  Primary somatosensory cortex

commissural fibres

white matter

connect left and right hemispheres

association fibers

short and long distance

intrahemispheric

one cortical area to another

anterior to posterior

projection fibers

up down orientation

cortex to spinal cord/subcortical areas vice versa

types of commissural fiber

corpus callosum

hippocampal commissure

posterior commissure

anterior commissure

anterior commissure

connects temporal cortex areas and subcortical structures

genu and rostrum

• connect the orbitofrontal and prefrontal areas

rostral body

• premotor and supplementary motor areas

anterior midbody

sensori-motor areas

posterior midbody

parietal areas

isthmus

posterior parietal and superior temporal areas

splenium

occipital and inferior temporal areas

types of association fibers

superior longitudinal fasciculus

arcuate fasciculus

middle longitudinal fasciculus

temporo-frontal extreme capsule fasciculus

uncinate fasciculus

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

inferior fronto-occipital fascículos

superior longitudinal fasciculus

frontal to parietal

3 branches

arcuate fasciculus

frontal to posterior temporal areas

middle longitudinal fasciculus

temporal to parietal

temporo-frontal extreme capsule fasciculus (TFexeF)

frontal to intermediate temporal areas

associated with long-term storage of semantic information

ventral stream of language

associated with control retrieval and selection of semantic representations

uncinate fasciculus

orbitofrontal and anterior temporal areas

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

occipito-temporal connections

inferior fronto-occipital fascículos

occipital-frontal connections

external capsule

TFexeF passes through here

motor cortex primarily to putamen

unidirectional

internal capsule

space between subcortical areas and thalamus

bi-directional

inferior frontal language speech

broca’s area

BA 44 and 45

production of langauge

other region’s for speech production

anterior insula

precentral regon

basal ganglia

cerebellum

basal ganglia speech

cognitive control

use of appropriate phonological and articulatory representations of lexical terms

anterior insula

articulation

part of orofacial motor system

precentral region speech

orofacial musculature control

posterior temporal regions

wernicke

wernicke

critical region for auditory language comprehension

superior temporal gyrus

acoustic-phonological analysis of speech input

heschl’s gyrus

posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, secondary cortex

heschl’s gyrus

primary auditory cortex

superior surface of temporal lobe

processes any type of sound

posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus

responds to acoustic features of phonetic parameters

differentiates between speech and non speech

MTG and pSTG/STS

comprehension of words

semantics, grammatical aspects

aSTG

• processing syntactic structure (sentence structure, therefore not activated for a list of single words)

• and semantic processing

ventral branch of AF

connect IFG

dorsal branch of AF

connects more dorsal regions of frontal lobe