Exam Preparation Notes

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (A.D.H.D.)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Prevalence of A.D.H.D.

Over 7 million U.S. children diagnosed; significant portion (23%) are 17-year-old boys.

Diagnostic Complexity of A.D.H.D.

Understanding of A.D.H.D. is less clear today; reliance on genetic or brain-based biomarkers has largely not yielded results.

Temporary vs. Lifelong A.D.H.D.

Some researchers argue A.D.H.D. may be a temporary condition rather than a lifelong disorder.

Medication Shortcomings for A.D.H.D.

Drugs like Ritalin can improve symptoms in the short term but may not guarantee better academic performance.

Components of Translation

Occurs in the nucleus and cytoplasm involving mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.

Elongation Cycle of Translation

Includes codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation of tRNA.

Termination of Translation

Involves release factors that bind to stop codons, leading to the disassembly of ribosomal subunits.

Wobble Hypothesis

Describes how some tRNAs can pair with multiple codons due to flexibility in the third base.

Post-Translational Modifications

Includes phosphorylation, glycosylation, and methylation that regulate protein activity and stability.