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PROTOCTISTA
A kingdom that includes microscopic creatures made of one cell, such as protozoa and algae.
FUNGI
A kingdom that includes mushrooms, toadstools, and moulds.
PROTOZOA
Microscopic creatures made of one cell.
ALGAE
Simple plant-like organisms such as seaweed.
PLANTS
Organisms that have proper roots and often produce flowers.
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Plants with leaves that have parallel veins.
DICOTYLEDONS
Plants with leaves that have a network of veins.
VERTEBRATES
Animals with backbones.
INVERTEBRATES
Animals without backbones.
COELENTERATES
Animals with a sack-like body and tentacles.
FLATWORMS
Animals with a flat body.
ANNELID WORMS
Animals encircled with many rings.
MOLLUSCS
Animals with one coiled shell or two uncoiled shells.
ARTHROPODS
Animals with a hard outer skeleton, including insects and crustaceans.
CENTIPEDES
Arthropods with many pairs of legs.
CHORDATES
Animals with a notochord at some stage in development.
OXYGEN
A gas essential for life, which diffuses from blood to cells.
DIFFUSION
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.
OSMOSIS
A type of diffusion specifically related to water movement across a semi-permeable membrane.
SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
A membrane that allows certain molecules to pass while blocking others.
MITOSIS
A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
MEIOSIS
A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
GAMETES
Reproductive cells: sperm in males and ova in females.
ZYGOTE
The fertilized ovum that results from the fusion of sperm and ovum.
DOMINANT GENE
A gene that masks the effect of a recessive gene.
RECESSIVE GENE
A gene that is masked by a dominant gene.
HAPLOID NUMBER
The number of chromosomes in a gamete, which is half of the diploid number.
DIPLOID NUMBER
The total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.
PHLOEM
Plant tissue that transports glucose and nutrients throughout the plant.
XYLEM
Plant tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
TRANSPIRE
The process of water vapor loss from plants, mainly through stomata.
STOMATA
Tiny holes in leaves through which water vapor and gases pass.
XYLEM VESSEL
A tube in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots.
VASCULAR BUNDLES
Clusters of xylem and phloem in plants.
TURGID CELL
A plant cell that is firm due to water uptake.
FLACCID CELL
A plant cell that is limp due to loss of water.
CELL DIVISION
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A mode of reproduction that involves only one parent.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A mode of reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes.
CLONE
An organism that is genetically identical to its parent.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
A form of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are produced from parts of the parent plant.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The system that transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body.
CELL MEMBRANE
The protective outer layer of a cell that regulates what enters and exits.
CYTOPLASM
The gel-like substance within a cell that houses the organelles.
NUCLEUS
The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.
CHROMOSOMES
Structures made of DNA that contain genes.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
GENES
Segments of DNA that code for specific traits.
HOMOZYGOUS
Having two identical alleles for a specific gene.
HETEROZYGOUS
Having two different alleles for a specific gene.
SPINDLE FIBER
Fibers that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
RIBOSOMES
Organelles where protein synthesis occurs.
MITOCHONDRIA
Organelles that produce energy for the cell.
CELL WALL
A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides support.
VACUOLE
A storage organelle in cells, particularly large in plant cells.
STICKLEBACK
A type of fish used as an example for studying reproduction.
FERTILIZATION
The process by which the sperm and egg unite to form a zygote.