A&P Lab 3

nervous tissue (pointer on cell body)

pointer on sperm cells (in seminiferous tubule)

cardiac muscle (intercalated disc)

pointer on simple squamous epithelial tissue

stratified squamous epithelial tissue (keratinized)

stratified squamous epithelial tissue (nonkeratinized)

pointer on simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

pointer on stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

ciliated pseudostratified epithelial tissue (pointer on cilia)

transitional epithelial tissue

transitional epithelial tissue (higher magnification)

bone (pointer on lacuna)

blood (pointer on leukocyte)

adipose tissue (pointer on nucleus)

loose areolar connective tissue (disregard pointer)

dense regular connective tissue (note waves)

dense irregular connective tissue

fibrocartilage (pointer on chondrocyte)

lowest density of chondrocytes

hyaline cartilage (pointer on chondrocyte)

intermediate density of chondrocytes

elastic cartilage (pointer on chondrocyte)

highest density of chondrocytes

reticular connective tissue

simple squamous epithelial tissue

Structure: A single layer of elliptically shaped cells with flattened nuclei.

Function: Mediators of filtration and diffusion.

Location: Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsules of the kidneys. Surrounds alveoli of the lungs. Endothelium of the circulatory system.

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Structure: Single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide (cubed shaped). Nuclei are large and found at center of cell.

Function: Provides protection against abrasion, foreign particles, bacteria, and excessive water loss. Also aids in absorption and transport.

Location: Lines small excretory ducts, in various organs and glands, kidney tubules, ovarian surface, respiratory bronchiole.

simple columnar epithelial tissue

Structure: Single cell layer that is longer than they are wide. Nucleus is large, circular, and near the end of the cell closest to basement membrane.

Function: Absorption, protection. Most prolific cells in the body, constant regeneration. Can also be innervated.

Location: Digestive tract, female reproductive organs, nasal passage.

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Structure: Multi-cell layered. Flat, compact, scaly-like cells. Can be keratinized or non-keratinized.

Function: Protection against mechanical and physical damage, chemical damage in the esophagus.

Location: Epidermis, esophagus

stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

Structure: Commonly two-layered (but can be multilayered). Circular nuclei that appear stacked.

Function: Protection, Can be active (secretion).

Location: Rare in the body, found in linings of large ducts including salivary, mammary, and sweat glands.

transitional epithelial tissue

Structure: Special type of stratified cells that allow considerable amount of stretch. Domeshaped when constricted, flatten out when stretched. Can be connected to nervous tissue.

Function: Distension to allow filling of cavity.

Location: Walls of ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Special Characteristics: Dome-shaped at apical side.

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

Structure: Appears like stratified cells due to scattered arrangements of nuclei, but each cell touches basement membrane. Most covered in cilia.

Function: Secretion, absorption, and movement through ciliary action.

Location: Trachea, vas deferens and epididymis, endometrium in females.

Special Characteristics: Presence of Cilia

loose areolar connective tissue

Structure: Cells are called fibroblasts, contain thin elastic fibers and thicker collagen fibers. Primarily ground substance.

Function: Many epithelial cells get nutrients from areolar tissue. Flexibility.

Location: Most widely dispersed tissue type. Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, and muscles. Part of lamina of digestive and respiratory tract. Mucosa of reproductive and urinary tract.

reticular connective tissue

Structure: Reticular fibers (type III Collagen fibers) (2) and fibroblasts (Reticular cells) (1).

Function: Gives support to soft organs.

Location: Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, kidneys, and bone marrow.

dense regular connective tissue

Structure: Primarily parallel collagen fibers. Thin nuclei run along fibers.

Function: Resists tension and pulling from a single direction.

Location: Tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

Structure: Closely packed collagen fibers in random arrangement.

Function: Able to withstand tension in multiple directions.

Location: Dermis, submucosa of digestive tract.

adipose tissue

Structure: Adipocytes consisting of fat (lipid) droplets. Nuclei of cells typically at point of adipocytes.

Function: White adipose tissue stores energy, produces hormones (leptin and glucagon), and provides insulation. Brown adipose tissue generates body heat.

Location: Surrounds kidney’s and parts of the eye, breast. Brown tissue found in neck and thorax.

hyaline cartilige

Structure: Large amount of collagen. Cells are called chondrocytes and are found with the lacunae of the extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes are often found in pairs, and look similar to tiny clams.

Function: Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Location: Tissues in the ear, nose, trachea, larynx, and small respiratory tubules. Synovial joints. Costal cartilage that connects ribs to sternum.

fibrocartilige

Structure: Collagen fibers that are much spongier in appearance. Chondrocytes in lacunae often align.

Function: Shock absorption.

Location: In between vertebral discs (intervertebral discs), pubic symphysis, and knee discs.

elastic cartilige

Structure: Very tightly packed elastic fibers and chondrocytes embedded in ground substance.

Function: Great flexibility to withstand repeated bending.

Location: Pinna (outer ear) and epiglottis.

bone (compact)

Structure: Lacunae contain osteocytes, which function in mineralizing the cells.

Function: Provides frame for body, mechanical movement, produces red blood cells and white blood cells.

Location: Throughout the body

blood

Structure: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Leukocytes are larger and better stained than erythrocytes. Also common in blood are platelets, fat globules, gases, proteins, and hormones.

Function: transport of many products, waste removal, immune response.

Location: Throughout the body.

major components of connective tissue

1) Elastic and/or collagenous fibers

2) Ground substance (gel-like substance with extracellular matrix)

3) Cells.

layers of epidermis

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum (thick skin ONLY)

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

4 cell types epidermis

keratinocytes: produce keratin

melanocytes: produce melanin

dendritic cells: specialized white blood cells

merkel cells: light touch reception

lunula

white, half moon portion of nail

hypochium

thickened area of attachment under free edge of nail

arrector pili

smooth muscle associated with hair follicle

apocrine glands

sweat glands; bacterial breakdown produces odor; axillary and anogenital regions

eccrine glands

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

produce sebum