AP Psychology Unit 5

This was made for the new AP Psychology curriculum

What subfield of psychology examines psychological factors impacting health?

health psychology

Stress

the process of perceiving and responding to stressors called?

What type of stress is perceived as positive and motivational?

Eustress

What are severe disruptions that can cause widespread distress?

Catastrophes

These are minor everyday irritations that can accumulate stress.

Daily hassles

What type of stress can lead to potential long-term health issues?

chronic stress

What can prolonged stress do to the immune system?

weaken it

What might some people do under stress, especially women?

tend-and-befriend

What does Hans Selye’s model describe?

stress response system

what is positive psychology

study of well-being and happiness

who introduced positive psychology

Martin Seligman

What does happiness influence

health, relationships, well-being

What are endorphins

mood boosting chemicals

Define the Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Happiness leads to altruistic behaviors

What happens when you earn more money than needed

diminished returns on happiness

What describes the adaptation-level phenomenon?

quick adjustment to new happiness levels

What is relative deprivation?

feeling worse off compared to others

Name one type of exercise that enhances well-being.

Aerobic exercise

What practice involves being present and nonjudgmental?

Mindfulness

What is the primary role of a clinical psychologist?

diagnose and treat mental disorders

What distinguishes a psychologist from a psychiatrist?

Psychologists provide therapy; psychiatrists can prescribe medication.

What is stigma in relation to mental health

Negative attitudes towards mental illness.

What does DSM-5 stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

definition of GAD

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms of GAD

excessive worry

Duration for GAD symptoms

six months

Common experiences in GAD

nervousness

Key treatment symptoms for GAD

Muscle tension

Consequences of GAD

Interference in daily life

Definition of Agoraphobia

fear of panic situations

What is the definition of “Mood”?

A temporary state of mind or feeling.

What do mood disorders affect?

Mood, feelings, interactions.

Name one type of major mood disorder.

major depressive disorder

Which neurotransmitter is linked to mood regulation?

serotonin

What type of therapy can help treat depression?

Psychotherapy.

What does the DSM-5 use to define Major Depressive Disorder

Symptoms duration (2 weeks)

What differentiates Bipolar I from Bipolar II?

Severity of manic episodes.

What is one treatment method for Bipolar disorder?

mood stabilizers

Symptoms of MDD

Sadness, fatigue

Causes of MDD

biochemistry, genetics

Bipolar I disorder

Severe mania

Bipolar II disorder

Milder mania

Dependent personality disorder}

clinginess

Avoidant personality disorder

fear of rejection

Narcissistic personality disorder

sense of entitlement

Histrionic personality disorder

dramatic behavior

Borderline personality disorder

unstable emotions

Antisocial personality disorder

lack of empathy

Schizotypal personality disorder

odd behavior

Schizoid personality disorder

social withdrawal

Paranoid personality disorder

distrustful of others

What are dissociative disorders and their common symptoms?

Dissociative disorders involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior, and sense of self, with symptoms like detachment and amnesia that can disrupt mental functioning.

What is PTSD and what are its core symptoms?

PTSD is a condition following exposure to trauma, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, mood changes, and hyperarousal.

How can dissociative disorders like DID cause distress and dysfunction?

The presence of multiple identities, memory gaps, and emotional detachment can lead to significant emotional distress and impair daily functioning.

What is the primary cause of dissociative disorders?

Trauma, such as assault, abuse, accidents, or natural disasters, is the main cause, as dissociation helps shield individuals from overwhelming memories.

What factors are believed to contribute to the development of OCD?

Biological abnormalities in neural circuits, family history, genetic factors, and stress are believed to play roles in OCD's development.

What characterizes dissociative amnesia?

Dissociative amnesia is characterized by the inability to recall important personal information and may include feeling detached from oneself and daily functioning.

What types of traumatic events can lead to PTSD?

Events involving death, serious injury, or sexual violation can trigger PTSD symptoms after exposure.

What are the core symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

DID is marked by two or more distinct personalities (alters), loss of memory regarding other personalities, and feelings of detachment or disconnection.

What are obsessions and compulsions in OCD?

Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts or images, while compulsions are repetitive actions performed to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.

What are the main symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Obsessional thoughts, compulsive behaviors, difficulty controlling these thoughts and actions, and significant distress or disruption in daily life.

How does dissociative fugue differ from other dissociative disorders?

Dissociative fugue involves amnesia combined with unexpected travel or wandering, with the ability to function normally despite not remembering personal identity.

Trichromatic theory

Individuals are able to see color because of different wavelengths of light stimulate combinations of three color receptors. Photoreceptors work in teams of three, red, green, and blue

Opponent processing theory

information that is received from the cones is sent to ganglion cells, this causes some neurons to become excited and others inhibited. According to the opponent-processing theory, color vision is based on three color parings: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white.

sensory adaptation

if you experience a continuous stimulus, after a while you will no longer notice it

sensory habituation

when a stimulus is repeated over and over, you experience a reduced response to it each time. Ex. drugs

Myopia

near sighted - the lense focuses light in front of the retina

hyperopia

far sighted - lense focuses light behind retina

Place theory

certain hair cells respond to certain frequencies. The location of the hairs determines what pitch of sound they can detect. This theory is best at explaining high pitched sounds.

Frequency theory

the frequency of the auditory nerve’s impulses corresponds directly to the frequency of the sound wave. For example, if a sound wave has a frequency of 100Hz, the auditory neuron will fire at 100 times per second. This theory is best at explaining low pitched sounds.

Volley theory

addresses the limitations of the frequency theory. Volley theory says that groups of neurons work together to fire in a staggered manner, allowing them to collectively match the frequency of higher pitched sounds.

what is Kinesthesis

sense that provides information about the position and the movement of an individuals body parts. It lets you know where your limbs are in space without you actually having to look at them.