personal health and safety test 3

addiction

continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences

physiological dependence

the adaptive state of brain and body processes that occur with a regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawl

psychological dependence

dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior, which can lead to psychological withdrawl symptoms (anxiety, irritability)

biopsychosocial model of addiction

biological, psychological, and environmental factors that cause addiction

process addictions

behaviors that are known to be addictive because they’re mood altering

dopamine

neurotransmitter that relays messages about pleasure

pleasure circuit

spans the brain stem, limbic system, and the frontal region of the cerebral cortex

oral ingestion

most common - may not reach the bloodstream for as long as 30 minutes

inhalation

drugs inhaled and absorbed by the lungs - travels fastest

injection (intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously)

may reach bloodstream in seconds

transdermal

absorbed through skin or tissue lining

commercial drugs

available on the market and are subject to specific requirements, including approval and labeling

over-the-counter drugs

tylenol, cold meds, zyrtec, advil

recreational drugs

taken for enjoyment - marijuana, cocaine, heroin

herbal preparations

plant-based substances that have been treated to make them suitable for therapeutic use - ginger, ginseng, garlic, tumeric

illicit drugs

illegal - either naturally occurring or prepared from natural substances - marijuana, cocaine, meth

polydrug use

use of multiple meds, vitamins, recreational, or illicit drugs

synergism

interactions of 2 or more drugs that produce more profound effects

antagonism

a type of interaction in which 2 or more drugs work at the same receptor site so that one blocks the action of another

inhibition

a drug interaction in which the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by another drug

intolerance

a type of interaction in which 2 or more drugs produce uncomfortable reactions

cross-tolerance

development of a tolerance to one drug that reduces the effects of another, similar drug

drugs work because

they mimic naturally produced chemicals within the body and have electrical charges and chemical structures similar to those found in the body

drug misuse

using a drug for a purpose for which it’s not intended

drug abuse

excessive use of any drug, which may cause serious harm

drugs most abused on college campuses

stimulants (adderall or ritalin) and painkillers (opiods)

opiods

compounds resembling opium in addictive properties or physiological effects

stimulants

increase heart rate, energy levels, anxiety, and depression - “uppers”

cannabis products

THC is the principle psychoactive substance in marijuana - sativa or indica

depressants

slow down neuromuscular activity and cause sleepiness and calmness - alcohol is most widely used

hallucinogens

create auditory or visual hallucinations and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, feelings, and euphoria - illegal in US

inhalents

chemicals whose vapors, when inhaled, can cause can cause hallucinations and create intoxicating and euphoric effects

anabolic steroids

ergogenic drugs used by people who believe that the drugs will increase their strength, power, bulk, speed, and athletic performance

harm reduction strategies

a set of practical approaches for reducing drug use consequences by incorporating strategies from safer drug use to abstinence

detoxification

the process of freeing a drug user from an intoxicating or addictive substance in the body or from dependence on the substance

ethanol - ethyl alcohol

the intoxicating substance in beer, wine, liquor, and liquers

fermentation

yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol

distillation

the process by which alcohol vapors are condensed and mixed with water to make hard liquor

proof

the measure of the percentage of alcohol in the beverage

standard drink

any drink that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol (0.6 fl oz)

alcohol is metabolized in the

liver and converted to acetaldehyde

blood alcohol concentration

ratio of alcohol to total blood volume - legal limit to drive is 0.08%

teratogenic substances

related to or causes developmental malformations in a fetus or embryo - alcohol is most dangerous

alcohol use disorder

problem drinking so severe that at least 2 or more alcohol related issues are present

tobacco

single most preventable cause of death in the US

nicotine

psychoactive ingredient in all tobacco products

tar

brownish sludge, containing various carcinogenic agents and chemical irritants

cilia

organelles on the surfaces of the lining of the upper respiratory passages that sweep away foreign material out of the airways - don’t function properly in smokers’ lungs

environmental tobacco smoke (ets)

exposure to smoke given off by tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by a smoker - firsthand and secondhand

the atria

2 upper chambers of the heart

the ventricles

2 lower chambers of the heart

heart function

heart activity depends on a complex interaction of biochemical, physical, and neurological signals

1st step of heart function

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium after circulating through the body

2nd step of heart function

blood moves to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen

3rd step of heart function

oxygenated blood returns to the atrium of the heart

4th step of heart function

blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle, the left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts

arteries

carry blood away from heart

arterioles

smaller blood vessels

capillaries

even smaller, have thin walls that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products at the muscular level and within the lungs

venules

small branches of blood vessels

veins

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

sinoatrial node

located in right atrium - natural pacemaker

blood pressure

a measure of how hard blood pushes against the walls of vessels as your heart pumps

systolic bp

top number; occurs during contraction

diastolic bp

bottom number; occurs during relaxation

hypertension

a condition where the pressure in your blood vessels is consistently too high - sustained elevated bp

normal blood pressure

<120 and <80

elevated blood pressure

120-129 or <80

hypertension stage 1

130-139 or 80-89

hypertension stage 2

140 or higher or 90 or higher

hypertensive crisis

>180 or >120

arteriosclerosis

a general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries

atherosclerosis

deposits of fatty substances (plaque) on the inner lining of an artery - most common CAD

peripheral artery disease

atherosclerosis occurring in the upper and lower extremities

coronary heart disease

narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart

arrhythmias

an irregularity in heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical impulses in the heart that coordinate heartbeat don’t work properly

tachycardia

abnormally fast heartbeat

bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

fibrillation

beats sporadically, which results in extreme inefficiency of moving blood through the body

preventricular contractions

premature heart beats in the ventricles that disrupt normal heart rhythm

angina pectoris

a symptom of CHD that occurs when not enough oxygen is supplied to the heart

cardiomyopathy

occurs when the heart is damaged or overworked, becomes enlarged, and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body

congestive heart failure

occurs when the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

diuretics

relieve fluid accumulation

digitalis

increase the pumping action of the heart

vasodilators

expand blood vessels and decrease resistence

transient ischemic attack

brief interruptions of blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment

ischemic stroke

caused by plaque formation that narrows a blood vessel or a clot that obstructs a blood vessel

hemorrhagic stroke

weakening of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture

aneurysm

widening or bulge in a blood vessel that may be hemorrhagic

satins

lowers blood cholesterol levels

ACE inhibitors

cause the muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract

beta-blockers

reduce blood pressure by blocking the effects of epinephrine

calcium channel blockers

prevent calcium from entering cells in heart and blood vessels; cause blood vessels to relax; allow more oxygenated blood to reach heart

metaformin

reduces the amount of sugar produced by the liver

coronary bypass

a blood vessel is taken from another site in the body and implanted to bypass the blocked coronary arteries and transport blood to heart

angioplasty

uses a thin catheter with a balloon to place a stent within a clogged artery to widen the artery

laser angioplasty and atherectomy

removes plaque within the blood vessels or arteries

metastasis

the process by which cancerous cells spread from one area to different areas of the body

carcinomas

affect epithelial tissues and are the most common