ANP 1105 All content for First Mid Term uOttawa

What two branches of science help us understand the human body?

Anatomy and physiology.

What does anatomy study?

The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

What is the focus of physiology?

The function of the body and how body parts work to sustain life.

Why is anatomy considered concrete?

Because body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely.

What is the significance of reference values in anatomy and physiology?

They provide a standard for discussing body structures and physiological values, typically based on a healthy young male or female.

What does the term 'sex' refer to in the context of anatomy?

A set of biological attributes based on chromosomes, gene expression, and hormones, reflected in reproductive anatomy and physiology.

What are the two main categories of sex?

Male and female, with variations that fall between these two.

What does gross anatomy study?

Large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart and lungs.

What is regional anatomy?

The examination of all structures in a particular region of the body at the same time.

What is systemic anatomy?

The study of body structure system by system, such as examining the cardiovascular system.

What is surface anatomy?

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, often using thin slices of tissue.

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

Cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues).

What does developmental anatomy trace?

Structural changes that occur throughout the life span.

What is embryology?

A subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns changes before birth.

What is pathological anatomy?

The study of structural changes caused by disease.

What does radiographic anatomy study?

Internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

What tools are essential for studying anatomy?

Anatomical terminology, observation, manipulation, palpation, and auscultation.

What is renal physiology concerned with?

Kidney function and urine production.

What does neurophysiology explain?

The workings of the nervous system.

What does cardiovascular physiology examine?

The operation of the heart and blood vessels.

How does physiology differ from anatomy?

Anatomy provides a static image of the body's architecture, while physiology reveals the body's dynamic workings.

At what levels does physiology often focus?

Events at the cellular or molecular level.

What principles does physiology rest on?

Principles of physics that explain electrical currents, blood pressure, and muscle movements.

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

It states that function reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

How do bones support and protect body organs?

Bones contain hard mineral deposits that provide strength and support.

What role do heart valves play in blood flow?

Heart valves prevent backflow, ensuring blood flows in one direction.

What are the simplest units of living things?

Cells are the smallest units of living things.

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

It involves atoms combining to form molecules, such as water and proteins.

What constitutes the cellular level of organization?

Cells are made up of molecules, which combine to form organelles.

What is the tissue level of structural organization?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells that work together for a common function.

What defines the organ level of organization?

Organs are made up of different types of tissues that perform specific functions.

What is an example of an organ composed of multiple tissue types?

A blood vessel, which includes smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

What is the organ system level of organization?

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely to accomplish a common purpose.

What are the major organ systems in the human body?

The cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

What is the highest level of structural organization in the human body?

The organismal level, which represents the sum total of all structural levels working together.

What are the necessary life functions of humans?

Humans maintain boundaries, move, respond to changes, take in nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce, and grow.

Why are body cells interdependent?

Because humans are multicellular organisms, vital functions are shared among different organ systems.

How does the digestive system contribute to necessary life functions?

It takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter as feces.

What is the role of the cardiovascular system in nutrient absorption?

It transports absorbed nutrients via the blood throughout the body.

What function does the respiratory system serve?

It takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

What is the role of muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue provides movement.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Connective tissue supports and protects body organs.

What does nervous tissue do?

Nervous tissue provides rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.

What is an organ?

An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function.

How does the stomach exemplify complex organ function?

Its lining produces digestive juices, muscle churns contents, connective tissue reinforces walls, and nerve fibers stimulate activity.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

How does the cardiovascular system support body cells?

It distributes oxygen and nutrients via blood and removes wastes and carbon dioxide.

What is the role of the urinary system?

To eliminate nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the body.

What does the integumentary system protect against?

It protects the body from the external environment, including injury and infection.

What are the components of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, and nails.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

To protect and support body organs, provide a framework for movement, and store minerals.

What does the muscular system allow for?

Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and maintenance of posture.

What is the fast-acting control system of the body?

The nervous system.

What do endocrine glands regulate?

Processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism through hormone secretion.

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

To pick up fluid leaked from blood vessels and house white blood cells for immunity.

What is the main function of the digestive system?

To break down food into absorbable units for distribution to body cells.

What is the role of the male reproductive system?

To produce offspring, including sperm and male sex hormones.

What structures are included in the female reproductive system?

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina.

What is meant by 'maintaining boundaries' in living organisms?

It refers to keeping the internal environment distinct from the external environment.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

To separate intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid and regulate substance entry.

What is the significance of movement in the muscular system?

It allows for locomotion and manipulation of the environment.

What is responsiveness in biological terms?

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.

What is contractility in muscle cells?

The ability of muscle cells to shorten and produce movement.

What happens when carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise?

Chemical sensors send messages to brain centers controlling respiration, leading to increased breathing rate.

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

To facilitate responsiveness through rapid communication via electrical impulses among nerve cells.

What is digestion?

The process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

How does the cardiovascular system relate to digestion?

It distributes nutrient-rich blood to all body cells after digestion.

Define metabolism.

A broad term for all chemical reactions in body cells, including catabolism and anabolism.

What is catabolism?

The process of breaking down substances into simpler building blocks.

What is anabolism?

The process of synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks.

What role do hormones play in metabolism?

They regulate metabolic processes and are secreted by endocrine system glands.

What is excretion?

The process of removing wastes from the body.

Which systems participate in excretion?

The digestive system and the urinary system, among others.

What is the significance of reproduction in the human body?

It occurs at both the cellular level and organismal level, producing new cells and offspring.

How does cellular reproduction occur?

The original cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

What is growth in biological terms?

An increase in size of a body part or the organism, typically through cell division.

What are the survival needs of the human body?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

What role do nutrients play in the body?

They provide chemical substances for energy and cell building.

Why is oxygen essential for human survival?

It is required for oxidative reactions that release energy from foods.

What is the role of water in the body?

It provides a necessary environment for chemical reactions and serves as a fluid base for secretions and excretions.

What happens if body temperature is too low?

Chemical reactions slow down and eventually stop, leading to potential death.

What is the effect of high atmospheric pressure on breathing?

It is necessary for adequate gas exchange in the lungs; low pressure can hinder this process.

What can excessive amounts of oxygen cause?

Toxicity to body cells.

How can improper amounts of food affect health?

It can lead to nutritional diseases, obesity, or starvation.

What is the relationship between the muscular system and body temperature?

The muscular system generates most body heat necessary for maintaining normal temperature.

What is the significance of the respiratory system in relation to oxygen?

It makes oxygen available to the blood and body cells.

What is the role of the digestive system in excretion?

It eliminates indigestible food residues in feces.

What is the relationship between metabolism and the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system distributes nutrients and oxygen necessary for metabolic processes.

What is the importance of maintaining proper amounts of survival factors?

Both excess and deficiency can be harmful to life.

What is the first step in preparing a specimen for microscopy?

The specimen must be fixed (preserved).

What is the purpose of staining a specimen in microscopy?

Staining enhances contrast between structures.

What are the two main types of microscopy discussed?

Light microscopy and electron microscopy.

What type of stains are used in light microscopy?

Colored synthetic dyes, often developed by clothing manufacturers.

How do acidic and basic stains function in microscopy?

Acidic stains bind to positively charged macromolecules, while basic stains bind to negatively charged ones.

What is the function of heavy metal salts in transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

They provide contrast by deflecting electrons to different extents.

Why are electron microscope images typically in shades of gray?

Color is a property of light, not of electron waves.

What is the difference between transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?

TEM shows thin sections of cells, while SEM provides three-dimensional images of tissue surfaces.

What are artifacts in microscopy?

Minor distortions introduced during the preservation and preparation of tissue specimens.