The Odyssey study guide COOKED
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What is the Invocation in The Odyssey?
A formal plea to the Muse asking for inspiration to tell the story of Odysseus.
How is Odysseus described at the start of the epic?
As a 'wanderer' and a man 'skilled in all ways of contending.'
Why did Odysseus fail to save his crew?
Because of their own recklessness in killing and eating the cattle of Helios.
Which goddess supports Odysseus and appeals to Zeus?
Athena.
What is happening in Ithaca while Odysseus is gone?
Suitors overrun Odysseus's home, consume his wealth, and plot to kill Telemachus.
Who detained Odysseus for seven years?
The goddess Calypso.
How does Odysseus identify himself to King Alcinous?
As Laertes' son, Odysseus, from Ithaca.
What happens with the Cicones?
Odysseus raids them, but they counterattack and drive his men away.
Who are the Lotus Eaters?
People whose food makes men forget their home and desire to stay forever.
How does Odysseus handle the Lotus Eaters?
He forces the affected men back onto the ships.
Who is Polyphemus?
A Cyclops, son of Poseidon.
How does Polyphemus violate xenia?
He refuses hospitality, mocks the gods, traps Odysseus's men, and eats them.
Why doesn't Odysseus kill Polyphemus immediately?
The stone blocking the cave is too heavy to move.
What trick does Odysseus use with his name?
He tells Polyphemus his name is 'Nohbdy.'
How do Odysseus and his men blind Polyphemus?
They sharpen and heat an olive-wood stake and drive it into his eye.
How do the men escape Polyphemus's cave?
They hide under the bellies of his rams.
What prophecy did Polyphemus know?
That Odysseus would blind him.
What act of hubris does Odysseus commit?
He reveals his real name and lineage.
What is the consequence of Odysseus's hubris?
Poseidon curses him with a long journey and the loss of all his men.
Who is Aeolus?
The King of the Winds.
What gift does Aeolus give Odysseus?
A bag containing storm winds and a fair west wind.
Why does the wind bag fail?
The crew opens it, thinking it contains treasure.
Who are the Laestrygones?
Cannibal giants who destroy all ships but Odysseus's.
Who is Circe?
A goddess who uses magic to transform men.
What does Circe do to Odysseus's men?
Turns them into swine (pigs).
What remains human after Circe's spell?
Their minds.
Who helps Odysseus defeat Circe's magic?
Hermes.
What item does Hermes give Odysseus?
The plant moly.
How long do Odysseus and his men stay with Circe?
One year.
What condition does Circe set before letting them leave?
They must visit the Land of the Dead.
Why does Odysseus go to the Land of the Dead?
To hear a prophecy from Tiresias.
Who is Elpenor?
A crew member who died unburied.
What does Elpenor ask Odysseus to do?
Burn his body and raise a marker with his oar.
What warning does Tiresias give?
Do not eat the cattle of Helios.
What happens if Helios's cattle are eaten?
The ship and crew will be destroyed, and Odysseus will survive alone.
Who is Anticlea?
Odysseus's mother.
How did Anticlea die?
From grief and longing for Odysseus.
Who are the Sirens?
Creatures whose song lures sailors to their deaths.
How does Odysseus protect his crew from the Sirens?
He plugs their ears with beeswax.
How does Odysseus hear the Sirens safely?
He has himself tied to the mast.
Who is Scylla?
A monster with six heads who kills six men from each ship.
Who is Charybdis?
A deadly whirlpool that swallows ships.
Why does Odysseus sail closer to Scylla?
To avoid total destruction by Charybdis.
What final mistake do the crew make?
They kill and eat the cattle of Helios.
How are the crew punished?
Zeus destroys the ship with a thunderbolt.
Who survives?
Odysseus alone.
What is an Epic Poem?
A long narrative poem about a hero representing cultural values.
What is an Epic Hero?
A larger-than-life figure with courage, intelligence, and human flaws.
What is an Epic Setting?
A vast setting including supernatural realms.
What is an Invocation?
A formal plea to a Muse for inspiration.
What does In Media Res mean?
Beginning a story in the middle of the action.
What is a Flashback?
A scene that shows earlier events.
What is an Epic Simile?
An extended comparison using like or as.
What is an Epithet?
A descriptive phrase attached to a name.
What is an Archetype?
A recurring character type across cultures.
What is a Tragic Flaw?
A character defect that leads to downfall.
What is Oral Tradition?
Stories passed down by spoken word.
What is Xenia?
Hospitality toward guests and strangers.
What is Hubris?
Excessive pride that offends the gods.
What is Nostos?
The longing for homecoming.
What is Metis?
Cleverness, trickery, and intelligence.
What is Kleos?
Fame and heroic reputation.
What is the Ordinary World in the Hero's Journey?
The hero's normal life.
What is the Call to Adventure?
An event that begins the quest.
What is the Refusal of the Call?
The hero hesitates or refuses.
What is Crossing the Threshold?
The hero enters a new world.
What is The Ordeal?
A major test or brush with death.
What is The Supreme Ordeal?
The hero's greatest challenge.
What is Reward and Return?
The hero returns home changed.