Industrialization, Immigration & Urbanization STUDY GUIDE

Entrepreneur

people who build and run businesses to make a profit

free enterprise

private businesses operate for profit without government involvement

laissez faire

policies which advocates for less government involvement in the economy (more extreme)

Thomas Edison

American inventor which created the lightbulb

Bessemer process

method to mass produce steel efficiently for cheap

Alexander G Bell

inventor of the telephone

mass production

producing a large number of goods for lower prices using machinery and assembly lines

corporation

company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from its members

John D Rockefeller

known for starting the standard oil company and donating lots of money to research institutions

horizontal integration

System of companies combining if they are in the same operating stage

monoply

one company controls their field of industry (ex: google)

trust

group of seperate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board to create a monoply

andrew carnegie

began carngie steel and mass produced steel for low prices using bessemer process

vertical intergration

system of companies combining when they are at different operating stages

• advantages: greater control of supply change and ability to produce more products for cheaper

social darwinism

belief that science proved that some nations and races were superior to others and destined to rule

sherman antitrust act

law banning any monopolies, combining of businesses, interstate trade, or commerce

sweatshop

small factories where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay

HARDSHIPS:

• low wages

• long hours

• crowded work areas

• unsanitary

• no windows

• no safety precautions

child labor

some children had to work to help support their family

collective bargaining

process in which employers sit down with labor unions to negotiate about wages, hours, and other working conditions

strike

organized work stoppage by a group of employees to protest that employers meet their demands (improved working conditions, more pay, etc)

knights of labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

triangle shirt-waist fire

result of no safety protocols in factories and business owners prioritizing profits over their workers

Eugene V Debs

labor organizer and social leader who advocated for the rights of railroad workers. ran for president five times as a candidate for the socialist party

homestead strike

1892 strike against carnegie’s steelworks in homestead pennsylvania (got violent)

“new immigrants”

Southern + Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the US in a big wave between 1880-1920

• Irish and German immigrants (often Catholic + Jew). Settled in cities, came alone, planned on saving money in the US and returning home

“old immigrants”

Before the 1870s, majority immigrants were Protestants from northern + western Europe. They came with families, worked on farms with family + friends, saved money before coming to the US, and had skill/trade/formal education.

steerage

3rd class accommodations on a steamship

ellis island

island in NY harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the US

• much more welcoming that angel island

• tried to accept as many people as possible

angel island

immigrant processing station that opened in SF in 1910

• mainly got asian immigrants

• rejected chinese

americanization

belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

“melting pot”

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

nativism

inclination to favor native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

culture shock

chinese exclusion act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of chinese laborers

urbanization

expansion of cities and an increase of people living in them

city planning

• The process of designing + organizing urban spaces to achieve long-term community goals, focusing on land use, transportation, infrastructure, and public services.

• Recreational spaces were one of the most important aspects of city planning

safety in cities

Cities were very dangerous and hard to live in

-housing- dangerous and unsanitary

-water- Hard to obtain enough clean water

-fire- Devastating for crowded homes

-sanitation- People dumped garbage on the streets, sewage flowed through open gutters.

-Crime- Problem in overcrowded cities.

mass transit

public transportation systems that carry a large amount of people

tenements

multihistory buildings that divided into apartments to house many residents

housing conditions in cities

• crowded

• unsanitary

• no indoor pumbling

• spread of diseases

health concern of cities

Lots of kids died due to dangerously unsanitary conditions. Diseases spread rapidly.

• less clean water

• fire spread quickly

• streets were dirty

suburb

residential areas surrounding a city

mass culture

similar cultural patterns throughout a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising

joseph pulitzer

influential american newspaper editor and publisher. helped format the modern newspaper, and included investigative reports, sports and fashion coverage, comics, and illustrations in his papers

william randolph hearst

 An American newspaper publisher who created the nation’s largest newspaper chain. Hearst, along with Joseph Pulitzer, helped popularize investigative reporting and sensationalist journalism

growth of public schools

Laws to increase the number of hours at school. Added kindergarten. High school curriculums expanded + thousands more were made. More people went to university.

popular entertainment for city dwellers

Amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, spectator sports, shows (circuses), newspapers, urban shopping 

vaudeville

type of show that included dancing, singing, and comedy sketches and became popular in the late nineteenth century