Studied by 2 people
Musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body. (Provides shape, upright posture, and movement, protects vital organs)
muscles
Form of tissue that allow body movement
3
How many types of muscle are there?
Skeletal muscle
Muscle that attaches to the bones of the skeleton
Smooth muscle
Muscle that is found within blood vessels and intestines
Cardiac muscle
Muscle that is only found within the heart and can create and conduct its own electrical impulses
Because they are under direct control of the brain
Why are skeletal muscles also known as voluntary muscles?
Antagonistic pairs of muscles
How are you able to control the movement of muscle without losing control? (Eg moving your arm and slapping yourself by accident)
Trachea, arteries and veins, and pulmonary ligaments
How are the lungs held in place?
Each lung is divided into lobes, and then segments
How are the lungs divided?
3: upper, middle, and lower
How many lobes does the right lung have?
2: upper and lower
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Bronchus
What branches off from the trachea in the lung?
Bronchioles
What branches off from the bronchus?
Aveioli; where o2 and co2 are exchanged; functional unit of the respiratory system
What branches off from the bronchioles and what do they do?
Pulmonary capillaries; carry o2 from the body to the lungs and co2 from the lungs to the body
What do the walls of the aveioli contain and what do they do?
Assists in expansion and contraction of the lungs; visceral pleura covers the lungs and parietal pleura lines the chest wall
What is pleura and where is it located?
Pleura layers are hell together tightly with a thing film of fluid, and it pulls the lungs so that they expand during inhalation
How does pleura work?
Diaphragm
What is the primary breathing muscle?
Separates the thorax and the abdomen; acts like a voluntary muscle while still performing automated functions
What are characteristics of the diaphragm?
Cervical (neck), abdominal, pectoral, and intercostal muscles
What other muscles are involved in breathing?
Intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs up and down, the diaphragm contracts and lowers, enlarging the thoracic cage
What happens during inhalation?
As the chest cavity enlarges, pleural pressure drops, sucking air into the lungs
What is negative pressure breathing?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, shrinking chest cavity, pushing air out of lungs
What happens during exhalation?
Pectoral and abdominal muscles are used in breathing
What muscles are used in addition when the airway decreases?
12 to 20 breaths per minute
What is the normal breathing range for adults?
12 to 40 breaths per minute
What is the normal breathing range for children?
30 to 6o breaths per minute
What is the normal breathing range for infants?
Agonal gasps
Brian continues to send signal to breathing muscles resulting in short and shallow breaths
60-100 bmp
What is the normal resting heart rate for adults?
180 bpm
What can the heart rate rise to during physical activity?
70 to 80 mL
How much blood is pumped during one heart beat (adult)?
Stroke volume
Amount of blood moved in one beat
5 to 6 L
How much blood is pumped in one minute?
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped in one minute
CO = HR x SV
Cardiac output formula
Arteries
Carry blood from heart to all body tissues
Arterioles
What branches off from arteries?
Fine circular muscles tissue and sometimes elastic tissue
What are arteries made of?
Contract
What do arteries do to accommodate for loss of blood volume and increase blood pressure?
Tunica media
The middle layer of arteries (smooth layer that can contract to dilate and change diameter of vessel)
Aorta
Main artery leaving the back left side of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to body
Pulmonary artery
Begins at right side of heart and carries oxygen-depleted blood to lungs
Carotid (neck) and femoral (groin)
What are the central pulses and where are they located?
Radial artery (wrist), brachial artery (arm) , posterior tibial (medial malleus), and dorsalis pedis (foot)
What are the peripheral pulses and where are they located?
Blood pressure
Pressure blood exerts against the walls of arteries as it passes through them
Systole
When the cardiac muscle of left ventricle contracts ad pumps blood into the aorta
Diastole
When the muscle of ventricle relaxes and fills with blood
Blood pressure cuff
How can high and low points of blood pressure be measured?
Nervous system
Most complex organ system
Brain and spinal cord
What are the two major structures of the nervous system
Fundamental functions; heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
What is the nervous system responsible for?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (pns)
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic nervous system
Regulates activities where there is voluntary control (eg walking)
Automatic nervous system
Controls body functions without voluntary control
Pathophysiology
Study of how physiologic functions are affected by disease
Abdomen
What is the second major body cavity?
Thick muscular walls anterior and posterior
What surrounds the abdominal cavity
Liver, gallbladder, and part of the colon
What organs are in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
8th and 12th
What ribs is the liver protected by?
Stomach, spleen, and part of colon
What organs are in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
Descending and sigmoid portions of the colon
What organs are in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
Two portions of large intestine and ascending colon
What organs are in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
Retroperitoneal
The kidneys and pancreas are this because they are behind the abdominal cavity
Front of the body
Anterior
Back of the body
Posterior
Side of the body
Lateral
Note 
Flashcard (33)