unit 1 exam - bio101

What is science?

Empirical acquiring of knowledge using the scientific method.

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analyze results.

Independent Variable

A measurable entity observed at the start of a process, generally on the X axis.

Dependent Variable

A measurable entity whose response is created by the process being observed, found on the Y axis.

Bar Graph

A type of graph used to compare different values, showing what is higher and lower.

Line Graph

Used for continuous data to show trends over time.

Pie Chart

Used for displaying percentages of a whole.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for a phenomenon, testable through prediction.

Theory

A well-supported explanation for scientific phenomena, e.g., cell theory.

Law

An explanation for scientific phenomena supported by extensive evidence.

Cohesion (in water)

Water molecules that stick to each other, aiding plant growth.

High Heat Capacity

Water absorbs a lot of heat before increasing in temperature.

Low Density as a Solid

Ice floats in water because solid water is less dense than liquid water.

Neutral pH

Water dissolves many substances, with a pH of 7 indicating neutrality.

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars that serve as energy sources and fuel for cellular respiration.

Lipids

Fats and fatty acids that are long-term energy storage forms.

Proteins

Molecules made of amino acids that serve various functions, including structural roles.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA that store genetic information and are involved in energy storage.

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of life that can function independently and reproduce.

Parts of Cell Theory

All living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simpler and smaller cells without membrane-bound organelles found in bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

More complex cells that contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and controls gene expression.

Plasma Membrane

Protects the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out.

Cytoplasm

A gel-like substance where chemical reactions occur inside the cell.

Ribosomes

Structures that synthesize proteins by linking amino acids.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids; can be rough or smooth.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste and debris.

Cytoskeleton

Provides structural support and aids in cell movement.

Cell Wall (in plant cells)

Provides structure and protection, primarily made of cellulose.

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Central Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells and maintains turgor pressure.

Centrioles

Help organize spindle fibers during cell division in animal cells.

Chromosomes

Molecules of DNA that carry genetic information.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication.

Mitosis

The process of cell division, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that regulates cell growth.

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Digestive System

Processes food and absorbs nutrients for the body.

Urinary System

Purifies blood and removes waste through urine.

Reproductive System (male)

Produces sperm and delivers them for potential fertilization.

Skeletal System

Supports and protects the body and internal organs.

Muscular System

Generates force and enables movement throughout the body.

ATP

The main energy carrier in cells.

ADP

The low-energy form of ATP.

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.

Gas Exchange

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Vascular Tissue

Includes xylem and phloem for transporting water and nutrients in plants.

Mycorrhizal Networks

Symbiotic relationships between plant roots and fungi for nutrient exchange.

Light Reactions

Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) in the chloroplasts.

Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide.

Plant Roots

Absorb water and nutrients; anchor the plant.

Plant Stems

Transport water and nutrients while providing structural support.

Plant Leaves

The primary site of photosynthesis containing chloroplasts.

What do plants need to survive?

Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

Definition of a Plant

Multicellular organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O (+ sunlight) → Sugar + O₂.

Location of Photosynthesis

Occurs in the chloroplasts, primarily in the leaves.

What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy.

Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis stores energy in sugars; respiration breaks sugars down to release energy.

What roles do oxygen and carbon dioxide play in photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis uses CO₂ and releases O₂; respiration uses O₂ and releases CO₂.